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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What effect does adding an indicator to a reaction have on its rate?
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None
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How would you determine addition of a catalyst given a table of reaction rates?
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Compare rates of two reactions with same conditions (concentration, temperature). One with greater rate (shorter reaction time) has catalyst.
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If a ball is dropped from a height of 10-m, and then dropped using a 10-m inclined plane, how would the two differ in speed and time?
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Both start with the same PE, so they'll have the same KE, i.e., velocity. The ball on the incline will take longer to get to the bottom as it experiences a lesser force of gravity (mgsintheta)
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Given that the time it takes for an object to fall a given distance is inversely proportional to its weight:
If Object A has 2 times the density and 1/2 the volume of Object B and are dropped to Earth from the same height, which object will reach Earth first? |
p=m/v
m=p*v Weight = mg = pgv Wa=2pg*1/2v=pgv Wb=pgv Wa=Wb Thus, they will reach Earth at the same time. |
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A sparingly soluble metal hydroxide, M(OH)2, has a molar solubility of S mol/L at 25 degrees Celsius. Its Ksp value is? (In terms of S)
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M(OH)2<-->M2+ + 2OH-
Ksp=[M2+][OH-]^2 When S mol M(OH)2 dissolves, get S mol M2+ ions and 2S mol OH- ions. Thus Ksp = [S][2S]^2 =4S^3 |
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If a lead weight has a volume of 4 x 10^-6 m^3. What buoyancy force does water exert on the weight?
Note: The densities of water and lead are 10^3kg/m^3 and 1.13 x 10^4 kg/m^3 respectively. |
Fb=pgv=10^3*10*4E-6
=4E-2 Newtons |
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For the following reaction:
NiSO4 + Na2CO3 --> x + y A green slurry is produced. Which compound produces the slurry and how do you know this? If the slurry is reacted with HCl, a gas is emitted. What is the identity of gas? |
NiSO4+Na2CO3-->NiCO3 + NaSO4
NiCO3 must be green slurry because only transition metals can produce color (unfilled d orbitals). NiCO3 + HCl --> NiCl2 + HCO3- HCO3- --> CO2 (gas) |
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Ba2+ (aq) is an ion that is very toxic to mammals when taken internally. Which of the following compounds, mixed in water, would be the safest if accidentally swallowed?
(Many compounds containing Ba along with their Ksp values) |
Lowest Ksp value is correct answer. Means that reaction would produce least amount of Barium.
Ksp is a measure of solubility, so lowest Ksp would mean lowest solubility, thus, lowest concentration. |
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What is the difference between kinetic and thermodynamic control?
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Kinetic: Product that forms fastest regardless of stability, low Ea.
Thermodynamic: High Ea, high stability |
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Function of aldosterone?
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Responds to low blood sodium, acts to increase water reabsorption passively in kidneys
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Function of glucagon?
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Responds to low blood sugar
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Function of thyroxine?
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Released by thyroid to regulate metabolism.
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If restriction of blood flow to the kidneys (by placing clamps on renal arteries) resulted in an immediate but small increase in blood pressure, followed by the gradual development of severe hypertension, describe how this might be a result of kidney activity.
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Clamping renal arteries perceived as decrease in glomerular blood pressure, so kidneys will respond by increasing reabsorption of water (to increase blood volume/pressure)
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Given: Blood Pressure = Cardiac Output x Vascular Resistance
If blood pressure doubled and resistance to blood flow increased by 50%, the amount of blood pumped by the heart would have: increased/decreased by ___ |
P = CO x VR
2 = CO x 3/2 4/3 = CO 1 and 1/3 = CO CO increased by 1/3 |
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The most effective way to remove triethylamine during the workup of an organic reaction would be to extract the reaction mixture with aqueous ____?
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Triethylamine is a basic compound, only an acid will remove from solution.
Acid! |
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Uric acid enters the urine both through filtration and secretion in the kidney. The process of filtration of uric acid in the kidney takes place in the ___?
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GLOMERULUS (Bowman's capsule)
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What occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule?
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AA's, glucose, water, Na, Cl reabsorption
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Colchicine is an inhibitor of microtubule organization. Why would administration of this drug affect leukocyte phagocytosis?
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Requires change in shape of cell.
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Mnemonic for purines vs pyridines.
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CUT the PYe
PUR As Gold |
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In what solutions are fatty acid salts capable of dissolving in?
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Can partially dissolve in both polar and nonpolar media.
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What substances does the pancreas produce for the digestive system?
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Proteolytic enzymes
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What organ secretes gastric juices?
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Stomach
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What organ secretes bile salts? Where are they stored? What about emulsifiers?
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Liver, gall bladder, ditto
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What tissues arise from the ectoderm?
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Epidermis, N/S
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What tissues arise from the mesoderm?
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M/S, internal organs
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What tissues arise from the endoderm?
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Lining of gut, respiratory system
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Consider an organism that has three pairs of chromosomes, AaBbCc, in its diploid cells. How many genotypically different kinds of halpoid cells can it produce?
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# of difference combinations is 2^N, where N is halpoid number of chromosomes.
Thus 2^3 = 8 |
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In a particular species of plant, tall vine depends on a dominant gene (T), and a pink flower is the result of the heterozygous condition of the genes for red and white flowers (Rr). What fraction of the offspring from the cross of a tall, pink plant (heterozygous for height) with a short, pink plant would be expected to be pink AND tall?
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TtRr x ttttRr
TR Tr tR tr X tR tr 2/8=1/4 |
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If Container A is filled with 10cm of water, and Container B is filled with 5cm of mercury, how do the pressures of Pw and Pm compare, measured at the bottom of the containers?
Note: Density of water = 1 g/cm^3, density of mercury = 14 g/cm^3 |
P=density*g*h
Pm=14g*.05=.7 Pw=1*g*.1=0.1g Pm=7Pw |
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Given a list of Ka values for various compounds, which of the following mixtures, with each component present at a concentration of 0.1M, has a pH closest to 7?
(Just describe how would solve) a) HCLO and NaClO b) HNO2 and NaNO2 c) CH3COOH and NaCH3COO d) HNO3 and NaNO3 |
Use H-H Eqn:
pH=pka+log ([A-]/[HA]) [A-]/[HA]=1 log 1=0 pH=pka If Ka is 3.2 x 10-8, pKa is 8-log3.2 Do this for majority of pKa's, and find which can give you 7. |
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When 2.0mL of 0.1M NaOH(aq) is added to 100mL of a solution containing 0.1M HClO(aq) and 0.1M NaClO(aq), what type of change in the pH of the solution takes place?
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Little bit of base added to lots of acid means small increase in pH
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What is the best explanation for the fact that a solution of NaNO2(aq) is basic?
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NO2- is hydrolyzed with the formation of OH- (aq) ions, NO2- has electrons that abstract H+ from OH (not Na+)
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In which medium does sound travel most rapidly?
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Solids
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How would you determine the standard emf for the galvanic cell in which the following overall reaction occurs?
2Na(s) + Cl2(g) --> 2Na+ (aq) + 2Cl-(aq) Note: Reduction values are provided |
Na is being Oxidized so use inverse of reduction value
Cl is being reduced so use reduction value as is Add DO NOT multiply Na's value by 2 |
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Atomic hydrogen has a characteristic spectral emission at a wavelength of 6.56 x 10-7 m that might contribute to EQLs. What color is this characteristic H emission?
Note: Sodium has spectral emission at 5.89 x 10-7 m and appears yellow. |
6.56 is greater than 5.89, so H has greater wavelength
ROY G BIV Inc wavelength to left Dec wavelength to right Must be Red or Orange |
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What is the oxidation number of aluminum in Na[Al(OH)4](aq)?
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+3, not +4, need net charge of -1 attached to Na+
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What is the geometry of the hexafluoroaluminate ion (AlF6^3-)?
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Octahedral: 6 ligands
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In the reaction shown in Eq. 1, Al(OH)3 acts as what kind of acid or base?
Eq.1: Al(OH)3(aq)+NaOH(aq)-->Na[Al(OH)4](aq) |
Lewis acid (accepts EP)
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Relate focal length to radius of curvature.
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F = 1/2R
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If two diverging rays pass through a diverging lens, how will the rays exit the lens?
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Diverge even more
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If a very bright light source shines on a mirror, the mirror may become warm because?
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Some of the light is absorbed by the mirror, and, by energy conservation, thermal energy is produced
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If the magnitude of a positive charge is tripled, what is the ratio of the original value of the electric field at a point to the new value of the electric field at that same point?
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F=qe
E=F/q=kq/r^2 1:3 |
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A 7-N force and an 11-N force act on an object at the same time. What values CANNOT be the magnitude of the sum of these forces?
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Max Net Force = 7+11=18N
Min Net Force = 11-7=4 N All possible forces between 4 and 18 |
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A block of weight W is pulled across a rough floor by a rope the exerts a force T on the block at an angle theta to the horizontal. The frictional force between the floor and the block is F. What is the expression of the frictional force F when the block moves with constant speed?
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If no change in velocity, a=0, Fnet=0
Fnet=Tcos(theta) - F F = Tcos(theta) |
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The osmotic concentratino of plasma proteins in the venous side of capillaries helps reduce the amount of interstitial fluid in tissues by inducing what kind of diffusion using what kind of gradient?
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H2O diffusion over concentration gradient; remember capillaries are semii-permeable and won't allow large molecules like proteins to pass. Only H2O would flow and passively.
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What kind of cycloalkane would undergo free radical bromination most rapidly?
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One with tertiary carbons avaialble for H+ extraction (most stable carbocation!)
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Formula for carbohydrate?
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(CH2O)n
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How would you check for isomerization?
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Compare molecular formulas to see if they match up
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What events occur during inspiration?
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Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, rib cage rises, expands chest, decreased pressure in pleural cavity
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What is the standard heat of formation for elements in their standard state?
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Zero
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What is the entropy change (deltaSº) for a procses in which the moles of gaseous products > moles of gaseous reactants?
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POSITIVE
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SiCl3H has a normal boiling point of 33ºC. What are the predominant forces between SiCl3H molecules?
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VDW
Not H-bonds, because those only form between HIGHLY EN atoms, namely N, O, F |
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What elements exhibit H-bonding when bound to hydrogen?
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F, O, N
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Given the following data, what is the molarity of pure acetone?
Acetone MM: 58.0 g/mol Acetone density: 0.791 g/mL |
Molarity: mol solute/L soln
p=m/v p*1/MM=molarity 0.791g/mL=791g/L~800 58~60 M=800/60=80/6 = 40/3 = 13.3M |
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Thogh 395-nm light is in the visible region of the EM spectrum, it is very near which of the following?
Radiowave region Microwave region IR region UV region |
-Wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency
-Visible spec: 400-700nm -395 is a shorter wavelength, so will have a higher frequency -In order of increasing freq: ROY G BIV Will be closer to UV than IR |
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If a cellular phone is powered by a 12-volt battery and is transmitting at its maximum power (3 watts), what current is being used?
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P=iV
i=P/V i=3/12=1/4 A |
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If the rate of formation of Cl- in a reaction were 1.0 x 10^-2 M/sec at a pH of 1, what would it be at a pH of 2? Note: Assume other conditions are identical.
Rate law: k[ClO3-][Br-][H+]^2 |
Increased pH-->Decreased [H+]
pH=-log[H+] so inc pH by 1 means dec [H+] by 10 Insert 1/10 into H's spot in rate law and get a decrease of (1/10)^2-->1/100 Thus: 1x10-4M/s |
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The following reactino occurs spontaneously:
Cd(s) + 2H+ (aq) --> Cd2+(aq) + H2(g) Which component of the above reaction has the highest electron affinity? |
EA = energy released when electron added
If reaction is spontaneous, everything occuring is favorable, so H+ is being given electrons and will release energy (v. fav.) H+ has highest e- aff |
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A ray of light in air strikes the flat surface of a liquit, resulting in a reflected ray and a refracted ray. If the angle of reflection is known, what additional information is needed in order to determine the relative refractive index of the liquid compared to air?
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During reflection, angle of reflection = angle of incidence, need angle of refraction, n of air is known, wavelength of light don't matter
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Approximately how many moles of Al3+ are reduced when 0.1 faraday of charge passes through a cell during the production of Al? Note: Assume there is excess Al3+ available and that Al3+ is reduced to Al metal only.
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Al^3+ + 3e- --> Al
Need 3e-/mol Al^3+ .1 faraday = .1 mol electrons .1mol e- * 1 mol Al/3 mole e- = 0.033mol Al |
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When a weak acid (HA) is titrated with NaOH in the presence of an indicator (HIn), the pH at which a color change is observed depends on what?
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Color change involves indicator, not acid, so won't have anything to do with HA
Doesn't matter what th initial/final [indicator] is It's the ratio of [HIn]/[In-], this is given by Ka/pKa, so either of these will help |
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Describe use of Wittig reaction.
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Converts carbonyls to alkenes using Ph3P+-CR2-, leaves behind alkene with those two R groups attached and Ph3P=O
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A student uses thin layer chromatography on silica plates to monitor progress of a reaction resulting in a polar molecule. Does the product have a higher or lower Rf than the starting (less polar) material?
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Rf= Dist traveled by cmpd/Dist traveled by solvent
If polarity of compd more ~ stationary phase thn polarity of solvent, cmpd won't travel v far and will have low Rf Stationary is usually silica and is more polar than mobile phase. So more polar product will have low Rf. |
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Deine incomplete penetrance.
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Phenotype not totally determined by genotype
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Define limited expressivity
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Gene isn't totally expressed
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A gas chromatograph trace gives several peaks with the following numbers:
45, 3, 1, 0.5, 0.5 What does each peak and their order represent? What percentage of the second peak was isolated? |
Order is order in which each substance eluted, total area under each peak = relative amoutn eluted
45+3+1+.5+.5 = 50 3/50=6/100=6% |
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Enzymatic activity in the stomach initiates digestion of what?
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PROTEINS--stomach secretes pepsinogen
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What happens to ethanol in stomach?
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It's absorbed, NOT digested
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Where does digestion of polysaccharides occur?
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Mouth and duodenum
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When does mitosis occur in relation to DNA synthesis?
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Afterward
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Estrogen's effect on GnRH and gonadotropins?
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Decrease (includes LH, FSH)
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LH's effect on estrogen?
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Increase
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Suppose a ball is thrown vertically upward from earth with velocity v, and returns to its original height in a time t. If the value of g were reduced to g/6 (as on the mono), by what factor would t increase/decrease?
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vf=vi + at
vi = 0 vf = at t = vf/a vf/(a/6)=6vf/a=6t t increases by a factor of 6. |
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The motion for small displacements x is characterized by two dimensional constants, K and M. Identify by dimensioal argument the correct formula from which the period T can be calculated in terms of (T/pi)^2.
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w = 2pi*f
f = w/2pi T = 2pi/w = 2pi/rt(k/m) Solve for T^2/pi^2: 4M/K |
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A reaction is designed to produce ammonia from the gas phase equilibrium of nitrogen and hydrogen:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) <--> 2NH3(g) Introducing a catalyst into the system will cause the amount of ammonia at equilibrium to...? |
Remain the same. Catalysts decrease Ea; have no effect on equilibrium. Same amount of product produced, but in a shorter time.
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Can gases reflect significant amounts of light?
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No.
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In order to accelerate positively charged ions in the corerct direction, the electric field in the region between two plates (in which ion direction is to the right) should be directed toward?
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The right
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Assumign equal masses, how would the detection times of 3H+ and 3He+ compare?
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Same mass number and charge, thus, same TOF
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An electrochemical cell is designed to produce pure copper from CuSO4. An increase in what cell conditions will most effectively increase the rate at which pure copper is produced?
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Current of electricity
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Electrolytic cell AKA?
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Electrochemical
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Galvanic cell AKA?
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Voltaic cell
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Electric power for transmissino over long distances is "stepped up" to a very high voltage in order to do what?
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Cut down the heat loss in transmission wires; when transmitting current over long distances, goal is try to reduce amount of energy lost.
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What organ system is the lymphatic system a part of?
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Immune (lymph nodes)
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If the dose of Streptococcus Strain A required to cause infection is 1 x 10^5 bacteria and that of Streptococcus Strain B is 5 x 10^4 bacteria, which strain is more potent and by what factor?
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1E5/5E4 = 2
Thus, strain b is twice as potent as strain a |
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What is the structure of phenylhydrazine?
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PhNHNH2
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What is the structure of phenylhydrazone?
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PhNHNH2COR
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Effect of blood pressure in pulmonary artery on oxygenation of blood in pulmonary circulation?
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None
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What does an acetal refer to?
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Acetal or Ketal
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Hormones released by AP?
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FLAT PEG
FSH, LH, ACTH (cortisones), TSH, Prolactin, Endorphins, Growth Hormones |
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Chemical groups involved in mineral component of human bone.
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HYDROXYAPATITE CRYSTALS:
Ca2+, PO3(2-), OH- |
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When analyzing a reaction for a catalyst, what should you look for?
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An intermediate that is neither consumed nor produced (merely reproduced)
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By how much does the oxidation number of manganese in MnO4- differ from that of Mn2+?
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5
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THe pKa for the dissociation of H2PO4- to HPO4^2- is 6.7. What is the initial ratio of [HPO4^2-]:[H2PO4-] in the buffer solution in Experiment 1.
Note the solution is buffered at a pH of 8.7 |
pH=pKa + log [HA]/[A-]
8.7 = 6.7 + log [HA]/[A-] 2 = log [HA]/[A-] 10^2 = [HA]/[A-] = 100:1 |
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When the wavelength for maximum light emission of a given scintillator is 450 nm, what is the energy of the light photon?
Note: Planck's constant is 6.6 x 10^-34Js |
E = hf
E = hc/lambda E = (6.6E-34)(3E8)/(450E-9) =5E-19 |
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When a strip of Cu is placed in H2O (l), no change is observed. However, when a strip of Cu is placed into a solution of HNO3(aq), a gas evolves. What is the most likely identity of the gas?
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HNO3 = ACID
Cu + HNO3 --> CuO2 + NO2 + H2O NO2 = gas |
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When a strip of Cu is placed in AgNO3(aq), a new metal forms on the surface of the Cu strip. Which element is reduced and which is oxidized?
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Cu is oxidized, Ag+ is reduced
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For a given laser-cavity mode, the standing-wave pattern within a laser cavity can be viewed as the superposition of two traveling waves. Describe their amplitudes and directions in relation to each other.
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Equal amplitude, opposite direction
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Define monochromatic and diffuse light.
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Monochromatic: only one wavelength, producing only 1 freq of light. Diffuse = opposite
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In a nearsighted individual, the image of a distant object is focused before/after the retina? What type of lens would correct this?
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Before the retina.
Nearsighted people can only see what's NEAR them. Focal length of retina is too short, rays diverge early. Requires diverging lens. |
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What would be the fastest way to counteract the effects of a noncompetitive inhibitor?
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Increase its rate of metabolism and elimination from the body; do not put something in its place, i.e., something with greater affinity for noncomp site.
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In what kind of reproduction does crossing over occur?
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SEXUAL
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In a cyclic saccharide, which carbon is the anomeric carbon? What two epimers can be formed at this carbon and how do they differ?
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C-1: only C bound to 2 oxygens
alpha: OH down Beta: OH up |
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List the eight taxonomic ranks in order of increasing genetic similarity.
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KPCOFGS
King Philip Could Order Fairly Good Soup Kingdom Phyla Class Order Families Species |
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What is the general structure of an amide?
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RCONHR
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What is the general structure of an imide?
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RCONCOR
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What is the general structure of an imine?
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RN=R
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What is the general structure of an eneamine?
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R=CHNR2
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What constitutes a primary amine?
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Amino group bound to a single carbon
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Generally describe the flow blood takes in the heart.
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Body-->RV-->PA-->LUNGS
-->LV-->Aorta-->Body |
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How does CO2 concentration affect blood acidity?
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High CO2 means lots of Carbonic Acid and H+: HCO3- + H+
Means low pH (acidic increase) |
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Describe what physiologic changes allow for inspiration.
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Diaphragm contracts, thoracic cavity expands, IPP DECREASES, i.e., becomes MORE NEGATIVE (larger volume for same amt of gas to occupy), vacuum causes lungs to fill with air
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What's a coelom?
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Body cavity between intestines and abdomen
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How does the size of a virus compare to a prokaryote? Eukaryote?
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MUCH SMALLER
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A stationary receiver detects a change in frequency of the signal from a jet flying directly away from it at 300 m/s. Which of the following receivers will detect the same change in frequency from a jet moving away at 600 m/s?
A receiver moving at 900 m/s in the opposite direction as the jet A receiver moving at 300 m/s in the opposite direction as the jet A receiver moving at 300 m/s in the same direction |
A receiver moving at 300 m/s in the same direction; net effect is for jet to move AWAY from receiver, resulting in a decrease in perceived f
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Why are the percentages of the change in frequency and wavelength much greater when sound waves are used instead of radio waves?
Sound waves travel more slowly Sound waves have a much higher frequency Sound waves have a much shorter wavelength Interference in the atmosphere affects sound waves much more |
Light travels at the speed of light (3E8)
Sound travels at the speed of sound (300 m/s) Sound travels much more slowly than light! |
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If pressure measured at various depths below the surface of a liquid in a container is given. And a second liquid, whose density is TWICE that of the first liquid, is poured into a second container with similar pressure measurements taken. What would you predict the pressure to be in comparison to the first liquid?
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P = pgz
2p --> 2P Twice as much |
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An object with 15 grams mass is immersed in benzene and suffers an apparent loss of mass of 5 grams. What is the approximate specific gravity of the object? (Data: specific gravity of benzene = 0.7)
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2.1
If 1/3 of the object is submerged, then it must have 3 times the density of benzene. |
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What is the formula for the wavelength of a pipe open at both ends?
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lambda = 2L/n
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Mechanical waves in a medium such as water or air function to transport:
Matter Only Energy Only Both Matter and Energy Neither Matter Nor Energy |
Energy only; air particles vibrate, but do not travel with wave.
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What kind of object is emitted in the decay of 40K to 40Ar?
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Loses neutron to form positively charged electron and proton, so atomic number stays the same, but changes identity of element by -1 electron
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When is voltage equal between two resistors?
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When they are parallel
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When is current equal between two resistors?
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When they are in series
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Suppose a far-sighted person can see objects no closer than 300 cm away. What is the minimum distance from a plane mirror such a person must be to see his reflection clearly?
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150 cm
Plane mirrors produce images virtually (behind them), so person must stand 150 cm in front of mirror to see image 150 cm behind mirror (equal dist) |
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A solution of H2SO4(aq) has a pH of 6.0. What is the H30+ (aq) concentration?
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pH = -log [H+]
[H+]=10^-pH =10^-6 |
