A & P Lab Exercise 4

Front 1

Ribosomes

Back 1

Tiny spherical bodies composed of RNA and protein:actual sites of protein synthesis: floating free or attached to a membrane structure (the rough ER) in the cytoplasm.

Front 2

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Back 2

Membranous system of tubles that extends throughout the cytoplasm: two varieties rough ER is studded w ribosomes and smooth er

Front 3

Golgi apparatus

Back 3

Stack of flattend sacs with bulbous ends and associated small vesicles: found close to the nucleus : plays a role in packing protein or other substances for export from the cell or incorportation into the plasma membrane and in packaging lysosome enzymes.

Front 4

Lysosomes

Back 4

Various sized membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes :function to digest worn out cell organelles and foreign substances that enter the cell: have the capacity of total cell destruction if ruptured.

Front 5

Peroxisomes

Back 5

Small lysosome like membranous sacs containing oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide and other harmful chemicals.

Front 6

Mitochondria

Back 6

Generally rod shaped bodies with a double membraned wall: inner membrane is thrown into folds or cristae: contains enzymes that oxidize foodstuffs to produce cellular energey ATP often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell.

Front 7

Centrioles

Back 7

Paired cylindrical bodies lie at right angles to each other ,close to the nucleus, direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division; forming the cases of cilia and flagella.

Front 8

microfilaments

Back 8

formed largely of actin, a contractile protein, and thus are important in cell mobility (particularly in muscle cells

Front 9

intermediat filaments

Back 9

stable elements composed of a variety of proteins and resist mechanical forces acting on cells

Front 10

microtubles

Back 10

form the internal structure of the centrioles and help determine cell shape.

Front 11

Ribosomes

Back 11

Tiny spherical bodies composed of RNA and protein:actual sites of protein synthesis: floating free or attached to a membrane structure (the rough ER) in the cytoplasm.

Front 12

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Back 12

Membranous system of tubles that extends throughout the cytoplasm: two varieties rough ER is studded w ribosomes and smooth er

Front 13

Golgi apparatus

Back 13

Stack of flattend sacs with bulbous ends and associated small vesicles: found close to the nucleus : plays a role in packing protein or other substances for export from the cell or incorportation into the plasma membrane and in packaging lysosome enzymes.

Front 14

Lysosomes

Back 14

Various sized membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes :function to digest worn out cell organelles and foreign substances that enter the cell: have the capacity of total cell destruction if ruptured.

Front 15

Peroxisomes

Back 15

Small lysosome like membranous sacs containing oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide and other harmful chemicals.

Front 16

Mitochondria

Back 16

Generally rod shaped bodies with a double membraned wall: inner membrane is thrown into folds or cristae: contains enzymes that oxidize foodstuffs to produce cellular energey ATP often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell.

Front 17

Centrioles

Back 17

Paired cylindrical bodies lie at right angles to each other ,close to the nucleus, direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division; forming the cases of cilia and flagella.

Front 18

microfilaments

Back 18

formed largely of actin, a contractile protein, and thus are important in cell mobility (particularly in muscle cells

Front 19

intermediat filaments

Back 19

stable elements composed of a variety of proteins and resist mechanical forces acting on cells

Front 20

microtubles

Back 20

form the internal structure of the centrioles and help determine cell shape.

Front 21

Plasma Membran

Back 21

Phospholipid Bi Layer

Front 22

Passive Transport

Back 22

does not require energy to move molecules through membrane

Front 23

Active Transport

Back 23

does require energy to move molecules through the membrane

Front 24

Diffusion

Back 24

a type of passive transport;movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration (down a concentration gradient)

Front 25

Osmosis

Back 25

Difussion of water through a permeable membrane.

Front 26

Hypertonic Solution

Back 26

concentration outside the cell is equivalent to concentration inside the cell , no net movement of water

Front 27

Hypotonic Solution

Back 27

Solution contains more non penetrating solutes that are present in the cell;the cell loses water and shrinks

Front 28

Isotonic Solution

Back 28

Solution contains less non penetrating solutes that are present in the cell;the cell absorbs water and swells

Front 29

Interphase (Not a phase of mitosis)

Back 29

normal grown and metabolic activity
chromosomes appear as fine threads (chromatin)
nucleolus and nuclear membrane intact
DNA and centrioles replicate as cell prepares for mitosis

Front 30

Prophase

Back 30

Asters extend from centrioles
Chromatin shortens and thickens
Nucleoli and nuclear membrane disappear and disintegrate
Centrioles seperate and move toward opposite poles of the cell
Mitotic Spindle forms as micro tubules attach to centromeres to pull some chromosomes to middle of cell: other microtubules push poles apart

Front 31

Metaphase

Back 31

Chromosomes line up at center of spindle

Front 32

Anaphase

Back 32

Centromeres split, seperating chromosomes
Seperate chromosomes pulled to opposite poles by microtubules
Plasma membrane begins to pinch inward

Front 33

Telophase

Back 33

Chromosomes stop moving and uncoil boack intto chromatin threads
New nuclear envelope forms around each chromatin mass
Nucleoli reappears
Spindle disappears
Each new nucleus is genetically identical to the original nucleus of the dividig cell

Front 34

Cytokinesis

Back 34

Cleavage Furrow forms to seperate cytoplasm, resulting in two daughter cells

Front 35

Chromatin

Back 35

Wound DNA

Front 36

Nucleolus

Back 36

Ribosome synthesis

Front 37

Nucleus

Back 37

contains genetic material (DNA)

Front 38

Rough Endoplasmic Recticulum

Back 38

Stores and transports proteins
studded w ribosomes

Front 39

Golgi Apparatus

Back 39

moves around

Front 40

Plasma Memberane

Back 40

Phospolipid Bilayer that controls the entry and exit of substances in the cell

Front 41

Cytoplasm

Back 41

everything from the nucleus to the membrane

Front 42

Cytosol

Back 42

Gel

Front 43

Microvilli

Back 43

increases surface area

Front 44

Mitochondrion

Back 44

produces cellular energy ATPRi

Front 45

Ribosomes

Back 45

Protein Synthesis

Front 46

Smooth ER

Back 46

steroid and lipid synthesis
lipid metabolism and drug detox

Front 47

Lysosome

Back 47

Digest worn out organelles and foreign substances eats it and the enzymes will break it down

Front 48

Cenriole

Back 48

Direct formation of the Mitotic Spindle usually two per cell.