A & P Ii Nervous System

Front 1

What are Neurons?

Back 1

cells that produce and conduct electricity

Front 2

What are the 3 functions of nervous tissue?

Back 2

SENSORY function-sense changes in internal and external environment
INTEGRATIVE functions-brain and spinal cord decide if and what response is necessary
MOTOR-If response is deemed necessary, brain and spinal cord sends an action potential to appropriate receptor to produce a response

Front 3

Afferent nerves conduct nerves conduct nerve impulses __________the CNS

Back 3

Toward- often called sensory nerves

Front 4

Efferent nerves conduct nerves impulses _______ from CNS.

Back 4

Away- often called motor nerves

Front 5

Neuroglia/ glial cells are the nonconducting cells of the nervous system and there are 6 types, 4 in CNS, 2 in PNS. Name them

Back 5

CNS-
*Astrocytes-control metabolism of nervous tissue AND form BBB
*Ependymal cells-produce & circulate CSF
*Microglia-phagocytes for clean up of nervous tissue
*Oligodendrocytes-produce myelin sheath in CNS and can mylinate more than one axon
PNS-
*Neurolemmocytes/Schwann's cells-produce myelin sheaths for only one axon
*Satellite cells-Take care of neuron cell bodies

Front 6

CSF maintains an environment for propagation of action potentials AND acts as a ____________

Back 6

shock absorber

Front 7

Dendrites receive stimuli/impulses from other neurons and conduct it TOWARDS the cell body. They may also be modified into sensory receptors that sense ______________

Back 7

heat, cold, pressure, touch and other physical changes inside and outside the body,

Front 8

Axons conduct nerve impulses AWAY from the cell body towards another neuron or an effector cell. In contrast to short branched dendrites, the axon is a single process that can be _______

Back 8

very long

Front 9

Oligodendrocytes surround and insulate the long fibers (the axons) through which the nerves send their electrical messages and the cell membrane of these is called ______

Back 9

the myelin sheath

Front 10

Astrocytes form the _____________

Back 10

Blood brain barrier

Front 11

In order to conduct electricity, the VERY sensitive nerve cells MUST have these 3 things:

Back 11

High sugar levels
High O2 level
No pressure on the cells

Front 12

Nervous tissue dies after ________minutes w/o O2, glucose.

Back 12

6

Front 13

WBC _________cross BBB

Back 13

cannot

Front 14

CNS is made up of

Back 14

Brain and spinal cord

Front 15

PNS is made up of ________________

Back 15

Cranial nerves -12 pairs

Spinal Nerves-each vertabra has a nerve on each side that comes off to innervate the body

Front 16

CSF cushions the ___________

Back 16

the CNS

Front 17

In utero Feline distemper (Panleukopenia) exposure results in what?

Back 17

Failure of the cerebellum to develop

Front 18

Hydrocephalus is a result of

Back 18

excess CSF production or lack of adequate drainage. Will cause brain damage if not relieved.

Front 19

The 2 primary regulating systems in the body are

Back 19

The CNS, which is fast and the endocrine system, which has a slower response time (12-24 hours)

Front 20

The Choroid plexus produces _____ in the ventricles and is basically made up of___________

Back 20

CSF

plasma

Front 21

Which gland is the Master gland and why?

Back 21

The Anterior and Posterior Pituitary make up the Master gland and it regulates the endocrine glands, which are one of the 2 regulating systems of the body

Front 22

Gray matter is made up of

Back 22

nerve cell bodies

Front 23

White matter is made up of

Back 23

axons

Front 24

The Cerebellum is responsible for

Back 24

Muscle coordination
-damage results in ataxia

Front 25

What are the nuclei of the brain?

Back 25

Groups of nerve cell bodies w/ONE SPECIFIC function each. Made up of gray matter and located deep in the brain

Front 26

An aneurysm occurs in _______ and is defined as:

Back 26

arteries

A bulging weakness in the artery wall

Front 27

he brain stem connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord. It contains a system of nerve cells and fibers (called the reticular activating system) located deep within the upper part of the brain stem. This system controls levels of consciousness and alertness.
The brain stem also automatically regulates critical body functions, such as breathing, swallowing, blood pressure, and heartbeat, and it helps adjust posture. If the entire brain stem becomes severely damaged, consciousness is lost, and these automatic body functions cease. Death soon follows.

Back 27

brain stem info

Front 28

Cerebellum: The cerebellum, which lies below the cerebrum just above the brain stem, coordinates the body's movements. With information it receives from the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia about the position of the limbs, the cerebellum helps the limbs move smoothly and accurately. It does so by constantly adjusting muscle tone and posture. The cerebellum interacts with areas in the brain stem called vestibular nuclei, which are connected with the organs of balance (semicircular canals) in the inner ear

Back 28

Cerebellum info

Front 29

The hypothalamus has 4 Nuclei that we discussed in class, what are they?

Back 29

Hunger, thirst, Temp. Control, Libido

Front 30

The hunger nuclei of the hypothalmus measures ________, which should be between ________ . Levels below normal result in a message being sent via axons up to neocortex telling animal to eat.

Back 30

blood glucose levels

70-100mg/100cc of blood

Front 31

the thirst nuclei of the hypothaalmus measures how ____________ the blood is.

Back 31

concentrated (blood cell/fluid concentration)

Front 32

the temperature control nuclei of the hypothalamus sends messages via this nuclei to neocortex to muscles in the body telling muscles to ________

Back 32

contract
(85% of body temp comes from muscle contraction)

Front 33

the libido control nuclei of the hypothalamus has some connections to olfactory lobe and pituitary lobe due to animals needing to _____

Back 33

smell another that is in estrus
and pituitary is involved to make changes that allow animal to be animal receptive to breeding

Front 34

An emetic is

Back 34

a drug that stimulates the Emetic center and leads to vomiting

Front 35

An example of an emetic drug is

Back 35

Apomorphine

Front 36

An antiemetic drug is one that

Back 36

Blocks signals to emetic center to reduce vomiting

Front 37

Examples of antiemetic drugs are

Back 37

Darbazine and centrine -both given by injection

Front 38

What is a tussive drug?

Back 38

a drug that increases coughing by stimulating cough center, often done to rid lungs of foreign matter/pus, etc

Front 39

What is an antitussive drug?

Back 39

A drug that blocks the signals from cough center to stop coughing

Front 40

What is an example of an antitussive drug?

Back 40

Codine

Front 41

the brain stem is also known as the reptilian brain and the center for autonomic functions, unconscious activities and involuntary responses. the 4 nuclei that we discussed in class that are centered here are;

Back 41

Emetic center
Cough center
Pneumotaxic center
Cardiac inhibitory center

Front 42

CLINICAL- an animal with a brain stem injury will typically present with what?

Back 42

Hemorrhaging from the ears

Front 43

The emetic center controls emesis (vomition) and is stimulated by:

Back 43

Chemicals in bloodstream
X Vagus nerve is stimulated by irritation of the stomach
Over-stimulation of vestibular apparatus

Front 44

General anesthesia stimulates the emetic center, thus the reason for _______

Back 44

empty stomach prior to Surgery

Front 45

Cough center is stimulated by

Back 45

anything that irritates the trachea and bronchial tree

Front 46

The Pneumotaxic center of the brain stem nuclei group is the air moving center of the brain and it measures the levels of ________ and adjusts breathing rate accordingly.

Back 46

CO2 in the blood

Front 47

The cardiac inhibitory center -X Vagus nerve to heart and electrical signal from brain keep the HR __________

Back 47

low and controlled

Front 48

The meninges are a set of connective tissue layers that surround the brain and spinal cord. There are ____ layers and from outside to innermost, they are:

Back 48

3
Dura matter

Arachnoid

Pia matter

Front 49

PIA matter supplies ___________ and is an inner delicate tissue laying directly on the brain

Back 49

blood to the brain

Front 50

The Arachnoid is a delicate spiderweb-like tissue between the PIA and ____ and contains CSF that aids in cushioning brain.

Back 50

dura matter

Front 51

Duramatter is the outer most meningial layer that protects the CNS and is a _____________ tissue

Back 51

tough, fiberous

Front 52

A corticosteriod drug is one that

Back 52

is one of the most potent anti-inflammatory drugs. given IV but can be immunosuppressive

Front 53

Phrenic nerves innervate the diaphragm to tell it _____________ due to stimulation from the pneumotaxic center.

Back 53

when to contract and pull in more air

Front 54

The subarachnoid space is

Back 54

is the interval between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater.

Front 55

CLINICAL-Atropine is given SQ to blockade X Vagus nerve during anesthesia for what purpose?

Back 55

It affects the salivary glands, the mucosal glands in the lungs and GI tract to stop production while under to avoid the animal aspirating or drowning.
It also keeps the HR from decreasing too much

Front 56

What are the signs of trauma?

Back 56

Redness
Heat
swelling
Pain
+/- loss of function

Front 57

Osmosis is water moving

Back 57

down its concentration gradient

Front 58

A headache is a result of

Back 58

vasodialation of blood vessels in the brain

Front 59

A cerebral concussion is a brain bruise due to

Back 59

small vessels of pia matter hemorrhaging into brain

Front 60

CLINICAL-Treatment for a concussion involves

Back 60

relief of intracranial pressure with corticosteriods and or a Osmotic diuretic ( a glucose solution that causes water from swelling to go into bloodstream)Ex-Mannitol and 50% Dextrose

Front 61

The Carotid artery supplies blood to_________ and runs together with the X Vagus nerve.

Back 61

brain (Internal Carotid) and head (external caratid),

Front 62

A subdural hematoma is due to a traumatic injury to the head causing a pocket of blood to build and push against ___________

Back 62

dura matter

Front 63

CLINICAL-Treatment for subdural hematoma is

Back 63

Crainiotomy to relieve pressure

Front 64

A Cerebral infarction (stroke) is defined as ______ and results in necrosis of brain cells

Back 64

loss of blood flow to the brain

Front 65

Encephalitis is the inflammation of the brain and a few common viral causes are

Back 65

VEE, WEE and West Nile

Front 66

CLINICAL-For a brain abscess, what would the appropriate treatment be?

Back 66

Drain with Crainiotomy

Culture and treat w/ appropriate antibiotics

Front 67

What are the common sites for CSF collection in small animals?

Back 67

1. From the subarachnoid space at the Foreman Magnum-Cranial to C1, aka the atlanto occipital joint
2. From the subarachnoid space at the Lumbosacral junction

Front 68

A mylogram is an injection of dye to see how it flows in _________ to check for abnormalities such as ________

Back 68

subarachnoid space

ruptured disk, tumor, injuries to spinal cord or column

Front 69

White matter is made up of

Back 69

axons and therefore transmits electricity

Front 70

gray matter is made up of ________ and is MORE sensitive to loss of blood supply than white matter.

Back 70

nerve cell bodies

Front 71

In the spinal cord, CSF circulates in the ___________

Back 71

Central canal

Front 72

A reflex arc originates from _____, which detects a change internally or externally, and that receptor sends an action potential (nerve impulse) along the sensory neuron to the gray matter of the spinal cord, integrated response of the reflex is sent out from the spinal cord by the motor neuron to the target organ (muscle or endocrine gland)

Back 72

a sensory receptor

Front 73

Ganglia is a collection of

Back 73

nerve cell bodies in the PNS

Front 74

Each spinal body has a pair of nerves, one coming off each side. The bottom nerve is the__________ and the other is the __________

Back 74

Ventral root and is a motor nerve

dorsal Root and is a sensory nerve with the assistance of the dorsal root ganglia

Front 75

CLINICAL-Spinal Injury
Check for Pain perception with a toe pinch. Is the pathway clear to brain? there is a difference if __________

Back 75

the animal withdraws but shows no pain and if the animal does not even notice the pinch

Front 76

A herniated IV disc is defined as one that is putting pressure on dorsal root ganglia causing excruciating pain in people but in animals it usually leads to ____________

Back 76

paralysis due to the lack of space in animals vertebral column

Front 77

In animals, the most common areas for disc rupture and IV disc issues are:

Back 77

Thoracolumbar joint

Cervical junction

Front 78

CLINICAL- If you suspect a Herniated IV disc, check __________

Back 78

Patellar reflex-degree of pain is inversely related to degree of injury. No pain/withdrawal means no sensation=paralysis

Front 79

CLINICAL-Treatment for a herniated disc would involve:

Back 79

Giving corticosteriods to reduce swelling
Mylogram to assess degree of injury
Dorsal laminectomy
Physical therapy

Front 80

A dorsal laminectomy involves:

Back 80

Removal of dorsal spinal processes to relieve pressure. A fat pad is put in place of the processes to protect the area and avoid/prevent scar tissue formation
the IV disc is removed as well

Front 81

For a disc that has not yet ruptured, the vet may choose to do a disc fenestration which involves _______

Back 81

just removing the problem disc

Front 82

A spinal concussion is defined as the___________. Treatment for this would involve giving _____to reduce swelling

Back 82

bruising of the spinal cord leading to swelling and pressure.

corticosteriods

Front 83

Luxation of vertebra is defined as _____________ . treatment for this would involve :

Back 83

the tearing of ligaments that support the spinal column.

Laminectomy, corticosteriods, bone plate across the vertebral body

Front 84

Spinal embolisms are seen more in __________ and is a permanent injury that can be help somewhat with the use of corticosteriods

Back 84

dogs, esp. large/giant breeds

Front 85

Spinal meningitis is a bacterial infection in meninges _________

Back 85

surrounding the spinal cord

Front 86

Superficial tumors and abcesses of the spine are __________

Back 86

removed and patient is treated with appropriate antibiotics

Front 87

Cranial nerve 1 Olfactory- S for smell brings messages to

Back 87

olfactory lobe as well as hunger, libido and emetic centers (emetic--more in people)

Front 88

Cranial nerve 2 Optic -S nerve brings messages to

Back 88

Optic center in neocortex, hunger center and cerebellum for coordination

Front 89

there are 3 main types of blindness. What are they?

Back 89

Peripheral due to damage to eye and receptors

Nerve- due to damage to Cranial nerve II

Central-damaged optic cortex (rare in animals

Front 90

Cranial nerve 3-Occulomotor-M carries impulses from brain to muscles of the

Back 90

eye for movement, pupil size and focus

Front 91

Cranial nerve 4-Trochclear-M- is involved in

Back 91

eye movement

Front 92

Cranial nerve 5-Trigeminal is Both s & m and is sensory to ________ and motor to ____________

Back 92

mouth and face

chewing

Front 93

CLINICAL- An animal with a damaged Cranial nerve 5 will be unable to

Back 93

close mouth and or/chew

Front 94

Cranial nerve6-Abducent-M- is also involved in

Back 94

eye movement

Front 95

cranial nerve 7 is the Facial Nerve-Both s & m and is involved in

Back 95

face and scalp movement, facial expressions

Sense of taste-taste buds are receptors

Front 96

Clinical- Damage to Cranial nerve 7-Facial- would tend to present with

Back 96

a droopy face (bell's palsy in people)

Front 97

Cranial nerve 8-Vestibulocochlear-S- is responsible for

Back 97

balance and hearing

Front 98

the 2 main organ responsible for hearing and balance are embedded in the mastoid bone and are the

Back 98

Eardrum and cochlea

Front 99

The cochlea is a snail shell appearing organ with fluid inside of it and is lined with hair cells. the movement of this fluid and the hair cells from stimulation by sound waves results in

Back 99

hearing

Front 100

What are the 3 types of deafness?

Back 100

Peripheral deafness due to damaged haircells in cochlea

Nerve deafness

Central deafness due to damaged auditory cortex

Front 101

Hair cells of the cochlea can be damaged by:

Back 101

Viruses esp during gestation
excess noises
certain ototoxic drugs such and Gentomyacin

Front 102

Cranial nerve 9-Glossopharangeal-Both- is involved in

Back 102

Swallowing, salivation, tongue movement

taste

Front 103

The vestibular apparatus semicirular canals are filled with endolymph that acts as a level and lets body know

Back 103

where and how it is standing in relation to the ground.

Overstimulation of this causes motion sickness

Front 104

CLINICAL-The Dumb form of Rabies in large animals causes paralyzation of the Glossopharyngeal nerve resulting in the animal

Back 104

not being able to swallo

Front 105

Cranial nerve 10-Vagus- Both s & m is motor to___________ and sensory to ________ . It is one of the largest nerves in the body.

Back 105

M-larynx, vocal cords, salivary glands

S-Respiratory tract, GI tract, parasympathetic system, abdominal and thoracic system

Front 106

Bradycardia can result from excess pressure on the _______ when breathing

Back 106

Vagus nerve

Front 107

Cranial nerve 11-Spinal accessory -m- nerve is involved in

Back 107

head movement, Accessory nerve with Vagus

Front 108

Cranial Nerve 12-Hypoglossal-M- is involved in

Back 108

tongue movement

Front 109

CLINICAL-Injury to the cranial nerve 12, Hypoglossal nerve typically presents with

Back 109

loss of control of tongue, hanging out and animal does not retract it when tongue is pinched.