A & P 2, Exam 2

Front 1

A saclike enlargement of a blood vessel caused by weakening of its wall

Back 1

ANEURYSM

Front 2

Spaces of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles totaling about 150 ml of the 500 ml in a quiet breath (tidal volume)

Back 2

ANATOMICAL DEAD SPACE

Front 3

A pain the chest related to reduced coronary circulation due to cornoary artery disease (CAD) or spasms of vascular smooth muscle in coronary arteries.

Back 3

Angina Pectoris

Front 4

Group of diseases characterized by thickening of the walls of arteries and loss of elasticity.

Back 4

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS

Front 5

Progressive disease characterized by the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the arteries walls

Back 5

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Front 6

Phase of contraction

Back 6

ATRIAL SYSTOLE

Front 7

Phase of relaxation

Back 7

ATRIAL DIASTOLE

Front 8

Valves between the atrials and ventricles

Back 8

ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES:
BICUSPID (MITRAL)
TRICUSPID

Front 9

Cardiac cells with contract without stimulation

Back 9

AUTORHYTHMICITY

Front 10

Neuron capable of responding to changes in blood, air, or fluid pressure

Back 10

BARORECEPTOR

Front 11

Another part of the brain that coordinates the transition between inhalation and exhalation

Back 11

Apneustic Area

Front 12

The greatest percentage of CO2, about 70%, is transported in blood plasma as ...

Back 12

bicarbonate ions

Front 13

Exchange of negative ions, which maintain the electrical balance between blood plasma and RBC cytosol

Back 13

chloride shift

Front 14

Enzyme in blood that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid (H2CO3) from water and carbon dioxide (CO2)

Back 14

Carbonic Anhydrase

Front 15

Sensory receptor that detects the presence of a specific chemical.

Back 15

Chemoreceptor

Front 16

The difference between a person's maximum cardiac output and cardiac output at rest.

Back 16

Cardiac reserve

Front 17

Most of the deoxygenated blood from the myocardium drains into a large vascular sinus in the coronary sulcus on the posterior surface of the heart.
A wide venous channel on the posterior surface of the heart that collects the blood from the coronary circulation and returns it to the right atrium.

Back 17

Coronary sinus

Front 18

Dome shaped skeletal muscle between the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

Back 18

Diaphragm

Front 19

A blood clot, bubble of air or fat from broken bones, mass of bacteria, or other debris or foreign material transported by the blood.

Back 19

Embolus

Front 20

ventricles contain 130 ml of blood volume at end of relaxation period.

Back 20

End Diastolic Volume

Front 21

Blood volume that is left after systole, about 60 ml.

Back 21

End Systolic Volume

Front 22

The layer of the heart wall, composed of endothelium and smooth muscle, that lines the inside of the heart and covers the valves and tendons that hold the valves open.

Back 22

Endocardium

Front 23

The 11 pairs of muscles involved in breathing that occupy the superficial layer. They elevate the ribs during inhalation to help expand the thoracic cavity.

Back 23

External intercoastal muscles

Front 24

The 11 pairs of muscles involved in breathing that occupy the intermediate layer of the intercoastal spaces. The draw adjacent ribs together during forced exhalation to help decrease the size of the thoracic cavity.

Back 24

Internal intercoastal muscles

Front 25

After SL valves close, there is a brief interval when ventricular blood volume does not change because all four valves are closed.

Back 25

isovolumetric relaxation

Front 26

Both the SL and AV valves are closed.

Back 26

isovolumetric contraction

Front 27

-The degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts.

Back 27

preload

Front 28

-The outermost covering of the blood vessels, consists of elastic & collagen fibers.

Back 28

tunica externa

Front 29

-is a muscular & connective tissue layer that displays the greatest variation among the differant vessel types.

Back 29

tunica media

Front 30

-forms the inner lining of blood vessels & is indirect contact w/the blood as it flows through the lumen.

Back 30

tunica interna

Front 31

-the circulatory system of fetus, exist only in the fetus, the lungs, kidneys & GI do not function until after birth.

Back 31

fetus-circulation

Front 32

-the combination of aortic & pul.valve.

Back 32

semilunar valve

Front 33

-is the passageway for the blood from the right Atrium into the R-ventricle.

Back 33

tricuspid valve

Front 34

-always take blood away from the heart

Back 34

arteries

Front 35

-always return blood to the heart.

Back 35

veins

Front 36

-is a prominant feature of interstial septum, also know as oval depression.

Back 36

fossa ovale

Front 37

-an in the interstial septum of the fetal heart that closes after birth.

Back 37

foramen ovale

Front 38

-is a series of ridges formed by raised bundles of cardiac muscle.

Back 38

trabeculae carnea

Front 39

muscle involved with inhalation

Back 39

External Intercostals

Front 40

muscle involved with exhalation

Back 40

Internal Intercostals

Front 41

A part of the respiratory center in the pons that continually sends inhibitory nerve impulses to the inspiratory area, limiting inhalation and facilitating exhalation.

Back 41

Pneumotaxic Center

Front 42

A receptor located in muscles, tendons, joints, or the internal ear that provides information about body position and movements

Back 42

Proprioceptor

Front 43

a valve between the aorta or the pulmonary trunk and a ventricle of the heart.

Back 43

Semilunar valves

Front 44

Failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver adequate amounts of oxygen and nutrients to meet the metabolic needs of the body due to inadequate cardiac output.

Back 44

shock

Front 45

A stationary clot formed in an unbroken blood vessel, usually a vein

Back 45

Thrombus

Front 46

air in the pleural cavities

Back 46

Pneumothorax

Front 47

the pressure of a specific gas in a mixture

Back 47

partial pressure of a gas

Front 48

the area in the lungs where gas exchange should take place but does not. Ex. emphysema where alveoli space has been lost.

Back 48

Physiological Dead Space

Front 49

the total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute

Back 49

minute respiratory volume

Front 50

a vessel that arises from an arteriole and supplies a network of capillaries

Back 50

Metarteriole

Front 51

atrioventricular valve of right side of heart

Back 51

Tricuspid Valve

Front 52

Blood backs up into the lungs; failure of valves to open

Back 52

Mitral Stenosis

Front 53

Blood flows back into the left atrium

Back 53

Mitral Prolapse

Front 54

Has three tunics; larger lumens; and have valves; contain the lowest pressure; carries blood towards the heart;

Back 54

Veins

Front 55

Has three tunics; mostly smooth muscle; small lumen; contains the highest pressure; carries blood away from the heart; thick tunica media

Back 55

Arteries

Front 56

regulate blood flow from artery into the capillary; has greater pressure than capillaries.

Back 56

Arterioles

Front 57

Where is the cross sectional area the greatest?

Back 57

Capillary bed

Front 58

Venules pressure is <,>,= Arterioles pressure

Back 58

less than

Front 59

low oxygen

Back 59

hypoxia

Front 60

high carbon dioxide

Back 60

hypercapnia

Front 61

Hormone sequence

Back 61

BV decreases or blood flow to kidneys decreases;
kidneys release RENIN;
Renin CONVERTS angiotensiongen into Angiotension-1;
ACE-Angiotension Converting Enzyme in the lungs convert Angio-1 to Angiotensin II which increases BP;
Vasoconstriction of Arterioles;
Secretion of Aldosterone from Adrenal Cortex;
Increases re-absorption of sodium (active transport) and water (osmosis) by kidneys; therefore increasing blood volume and BP.

Front 62

Adrenal medulla hormones;
increase rate and force of contractions;
vasoconstricts arterioles in skin and abdominal organs;
vasodilates arteriles of cardiac and skeletal muscles

Back 62

Epinephrine and
Norepinephrine

Front 63

causes vasoconstriction; increases the reabsorption of water by the kidneys; inserts water channels Aquaporin II-water can follow Na

Back 63

ADH

Front 64

short term mechanisms for regulating blood pressure include regulating what three things?

Back 64

vessel diameter;
heart rate;
heart contractility

Front 65

Two major arterial baroreceptors are located where?

Back 65

carotid sinus;
arch of aorta

Front 66

What is the effect of BP on the impulses sent to the brain, the effect on the PNS and SNS nervous systems and the resulting change in BP

Back 66

I-BP-> I-IMPULSES-> I=PNS AND D SNS-> D BP

Front 67

As a result of these changes in PNS AND SNS, list the effects on the heart and blood vessels

Back 67

Heart:
Decrease in HR/contractility
Decrease in CO
Decrease in SV
Blood vessels:
Increase in arteriolar diameter
Decrease in resistance
Relaxation of vascular smooth muscle

Front 68

Show the effect of decreasing BP

Back 68

Decrease impulses
Decrease PNS
Increase SNS
Increase BP

Front 69

What enzyme is released as a result of low blood pressure?

Back 69

Renin

Front 70

Two effects of Angiotension II

Back 70

Vasoconstrictor
Goes to adrenal glands to release aldosterone

Front 71

How does aldosterone increase blood volume

Back 71

increase reabsorption of Na and water by kidneys

Front 72

The main effect of aldosterone is....

Back 72

opens up channels in collecting duct to allow Na to leave;
increases reabsorption of Na and water from kidney tubules

Front 73

smallest of the blood vessels; thin tunica media; site of exchange of nutrients

Back 73

capillaries

Front 74

Pressure of a gas in a closed container is INVERSELY proportional to the volume.
Vol of container (inc., dec.,)then pressure ......

Back 74

Boyle's Law
Volume of container increases, pressure decreases.
Volume of container decreases, pressure increases

Front 75

During Tidal Volume, normal exhalation uses what muscles?

Back 75

It is a passive process so no muscles contractions.

Front 76

The muscles involved in inhalation

Back 76

Diaphragm and External Intercostals

Front 77

Histamine will .......... bronchioles........resistance........airflow....arterioles

Back 77

constrict
increase
decrease
dilate

Front 78

Epinephrine will ....... bronchioles.......resistance.......airflow during exercise.....arterioles

Back 78

dilate
decrease
increase
constrict

Front 79

acetylcholine will ..... bronchioles.......resistance......airflow

Back 79

constrict
increase
decrease

Front 80

The p exerted by each gas in a mixture, with no relation to any other p

Back 80

partial pressure

Front 81

carbon dioxide is transported by

Back 81

dissolving;
bicarbonate ion;
bound to hemoglobin

Front 82

What moves in to keep electrical gradient?

Back 82

Cl-
Chloride Shift

Front 83

site in brain stem that coordinates the transition between inhalation and exhalation. Inhibits inspiration.

Back 83

Pneumotaxic Area

Front 84

part of brain stem that coordinates the transition between inhalation and exhalation. In the lower pons, this area sends stimulatory impulses to the aspiratory area that activates it and prolongs inhalation.

Back 84

Apneustic Area

Front 85

A tricuspid insufficiency allows blood to flow back into the

Back 85

right atrium

Front 86

the amount of venous return is termed

Back 86

preload

Front 87

the maximum amount of air exhaled after a normal expiration is

Back 87

ERV

Front 88

The amount of air left in the lungs after a forced exhalation is

Back 88

residual volume

Front 89

after hyperventilating, indicate what happens to these factors;
pH, CO2; O2; ACIDITY

Back 89

increase
decrease
increase
increase

Front 90

the sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume

Back 90

inspiratory capacity
TV + IRV=IC

Front 91

Breathing in; the air pressure in the lungs is equal to the air pressure of the atmosphere at sea level.

Back 91

Inspiration (Inhalation)

Front 92

pigment that gives blood its red color; carries oxygen and carbon dioxide

Back 92

hemoglobin

Front 93

sum of residual volume and expiratory reserve volume

Back 93

RV+ERV=FRV(Functional Residual Volume)

Front 94

Breathing out; the pressure in the lungs is greater than atmosphere

Back 94

Expiration (Exhalation)

Front 95

emphysema or chronic bronchitis; is increased air way resistance due to obstruction or collapse of air ways

Back 95

COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Front 96

when CO2 enters the blood it is transformed into ..... by carbonic anhydrase

Back 96

carbonic acid

Front 97

collapse of part of lung

Back 97

Atelectasis

Front 98

the amount of air inhaled

Back 98

Inspiratory Reserve Volume IRV

Front 99

oxygen and hemoglobin bound together

Back 99

Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)

Front 100

air that is left inside the lungs

Back 100

residual volume RV

Front 101

increases secretion of angiotensin 2 and aldosterone, which increases blood volume; increasing blood pressure

Back 101

Renin

Front 102

Three areas:
1; the medullary rhythmicity area in the medulla oblongata
2; the pneumotaxic area in the pons
3; the apneustic area, also in pons

Back 102

Respiratory Center

Front 103

the volume of one breath

Back 103

Tidal Volume

Front 104

the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume

Back 104

Vital Capacity=IRV+ERV+TV

Front 105

blood left after ventricle empty

Back 105

Ventricle systole

Front 106

blood left after ventricle fill

Back 106

Ventricular Diastole

Front 107

areas in the brain that regulate breathing, heart rate, and vasoconstriction

Back 107

Vital centers

Front 108

carries venous blood from gastrointestinal organs and spleen to liver

Back 108

Hepatic Circulation

Front 109

pressure between two pleural layers and cavity is always lower than atmospheric pressure

Back 109

Negative Intrathoracic Pressure

Front 110

medullary respiratory area; establishes the basic rhythm in breathing

Back 110

Inspiratory Center