A And P Quiz Questions

Front 1

A negative feedback mechanism contains what three components?

Back 1

a sensor, a control center, and an effector

Front 2

The coxal region refers to the

Back 2

hips

Front 3

The term used to describe something pertaining to the internal organs is

Back 3

visceral

Front 4

Homeostasis is maintained by self-regulating physiological processes. Select the process that is primarily responsible for maintaining homeostasis.

Back 4

Negative Feedback

Front 5

The plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions is the

Back 5

transverse

Front 6

A _________ plane divides the body into equal left and right portions.

Back 6

midsagittal

Front 7

The integumentary system contains

Back 7

skin, hair, nails, and associated glands.

Front 8

The mediastinum, pleural, and pericardial cavities are contained within the

Back 8

thoracic cavity.

Front 9

The urinary bladder is located in the ________ abdominopelvic region.
Question 9 answers

Back 9

hypogastric

Front 10

The gall bladder is located in the _________ abdominopelvic quadrant.

Back 10

right upper

Front 11

The dorsal body cavity contains the

Back 11

cranial cavity and spinal canal.

Front 12

A feedback mechanism that takes the body away from homeostasis is

Back 12

positive feedback

Front 13

The membrane lining the abdominal cavity and the surface of its organs is the

Back 13

peritoneum

Front 14

The study of the structure and organization of the human body is

Back 14

anatomy

Front 15

A tissue is

Back 15

a group of cells that perform similar functions.

Front 16

Blood, heart, and blood vessels compose the _________ system.

Back 16

cardiovascular

Front 17

The survival needs of the human body include

Back 17

food, water, oxygen, body temperature, and atmospheric pressure.

Front 18

The lowest level of organization in the body is the ________ level.

Back 18

chemical

Front 19

A feedback mechanism that returns the body to homeostasis is

Back 19

negative feedback.

Front 20

In anatomical terms, the upper arm is the _______ region, and the wrist is the _______ region.

Back 20

brachium; carpal

Front 21

The diaphragm divides the

Back 21

ventral cavity.

Front 22

The simplest structures in which the processes of life occur are

Back 22

cells

Front 23

The sacral region of the spinal cord is located

Back 23

between the hips.

Front 24

The term peripheral refers to a structure that is

Back 24

away from the center of the body.

Front 25

The plane that separates the body into the front and back, or anterior and posterior portions, is the

Back 25

frontal and coronal.

Front 26

The ventral body cavity is subdivided into these cavities.

Back 26

Thoracic, abdominal, pelvic

Front 27

The stomach is contained within the

Back 27

left upper quadrant.

Front 28

All the chemical reactions within a cell or organism are known as

Back 28

metabolism

Front 29

Digestion breaks down complex molecules into simpler molecules. Select the term that best describes this process.

Back 29

Catabolism

Front 30

The cephalic region comprises

Back 30

the cranial and facial regions.

Front 31

The upper and lower extremities compose the ________ portion of the body.

Back 31

appendicular

Front 32

A/An ________ consists of a group of similar cells performing similar functions.

Back 32

tissue

Front 33

The chin is ________ to the mouth, and the knee is ________ to the ankle.

Back 33

inferior; proximal

Front 34

In anatomical terms, the forearm is the _______ region and the fingers are the _______ region.

Back 34

antebrachial; digital

Front 35

The region surrounding the knee can be described as the

Back 35

popliteal and patellar.

Front 36

In anatomical terms, the posterior potion of the elbow is the _______ region.

Back 36

olacranal

Front 37

Lactose, the sugar contained in milk, is an example of a

Back 37

disaccharide

Front 38

Select the organic compound in which the greatest amount of excess energy is stored in the body.

Back 38

Triglycerides

Front 39

Enzymes are necessary in cells to

Back 39

speed up chemical reactions.

Front 40

When one atom donates an electron to another atom, the donating atom becomes a __________ charged ion, and the receiving atom becomes a __________ charged ion. These ions are joined together by a/an ________ chemical bond.

Back 40

positively; negatively; ionic

Front 41

Hydrogen bonds occur between

Back 41

polar molecules.

Front 42

About 96% of the body consists of what four elements?

Back 42

oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen

Front 43

The process used to convert liquid vegetable oils to solids by changing its bonds is called

Back 43

hydrogenation

Front 44

A saturated fat will have

Back 44

little or no carbon-carbon double bonds.

Front 45

To form an ionic bond one atom must donate its ________ to another.

Back 45

electrons

Front 46

A carbohydrate molecule consisting of glucose + fructose is a

Back 46

disaccharide

Front 47

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons determines the __________ of an atom.

Back 47

atomic weight

Front 48

There are ____ naturally occurring elements of which ______ are commonly found in the human body.

Back 48

92; 26

Front 49

The monosaccharide that is the major carbohydrate fuel for body cells is

Back 49

glucose

Front 50

Lipids are molecules made up of

Back 50

fats

Front 51

The valence electrons are those

Back 51

located in the outermost shell and active in chemical bonding.

Front 52

The element that forms the backbone of organic molecules is

Back 52

carbon

Front 53

Anything that has weight and occupies space can be described as

Back 53

matter

Front 54

Two or more atoms combine chemically to form a/an __________, the smallest unit of a/an __________.

Back 54

molecule; compound

Front 55

To be considered an organic molecule a substance must contain

Back 55

carbon and hydrogen.

Front 56

A substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by chemical means is a/an

Back 56

element

Front 57

DNA contains the genetic code, and RNA carries the coded information to the sites of protein synthesis.

Back 57

DNA contains the genetic code, and RNA carries the coded information to the sites of protein synthesis.

Front 58

Proteins are composed of subunits called __________ and functional proteins include _________, which speed up chemical reactions in the body.

Back 58

amino acids; enzymes

Front 59

Steroids are a form of

Back 59

lipid

Front 60

The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution increases from pH _______ to pH ________.

Back 60

14; 0

Front 61

The positively charged particles located in the nucleus of an atom are the

Back 61

protons

Front 62

If an atom has 8 protons and 8 neutrons in its nucleus, and 8 orbiting electrons, its atomic number would be

Back 62

8

Front 63

Covalent bonds form when

Back 63

two or more atoms share electrons equally and two or more molecules share electrons unequally.

Front 64

The molecule that provides immediate energy for cellular processes is

Back 64

adenosine triphosphate

Front 65

The difference between DNA and RNA is that

Back 65

there are differences in sugars, bases, and the number of strands.

Front 66

Proteins are made up of

Back 66

amino acids.

Front 67

Nucleic acids are made up of

Back 67

nucleotides

Front 68

The dissociation of a/an ________ releases hydrogen ions and increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

Back 68

acid

Front 69

A solution which contains a high concentration of salts relative to the cytosol of a cell is a(n)

Back 69

hypertonic solution.

Front 70

During what phase of mitosis do the chromosomes form a line along the equator of the cell?

Back 70

Metaphase

Front 71

The cellular structure that is composed mostly of a lipid bilayer with imbedded proteins is the

Back 71

plasma membrane.

Front 72

The genetic code of ________ is formed by the sequence of organic ________ in its nucleotides.

Back 72

DNA; bases

Front 73

A toxin targets the enzymes active in the formation of ATP. Which of the following membrane mechanisms would be limited due to the lack of ATP?

Back 73

active transport

Front 74

In mitotic division, the division of the parent cell occurs by ________ during ________.

Back 74

cytokinesis; telophase

Front 75

The _________ are sites of protein synthesis within cells.

Back 75

ribosomes

Front 76

The paired chromosomes separate and migrate towards the poles of a cell during

Back 76

Anaphase

Front 77

In mitotic division, replication of chromosomes occurs during

Back 77

interphase

Front 78

In __________, the sequence of bases in DNA determines the sequence of bases in mRNA, and the process occurs in the __________.

Back 78

transcription; nucleus

Front 79

The _________ is the organelle which is sometimes referred to as the powerhouse of the cell due to the fact that it produces ATP most efficiently.

Back 79

mitochondria

Front 80

The _______ are the folds of the mitochondria that form the matrix.

Back 80

cristae

Front 81

Materials are packaged in vesicles for transport by the

Back 81

golgi complex

Front 82

For facilitated diffusion to occur it requires

Back 82

a gradient and transport mechanism.

Front 83

Mitosis is division of the _______ and forms _____ cells after cytokinesis.

Back 83

nucleus; 2

Front 84

The numerous short hair-like projections that move things across the surface of cells are

Back 84

cilia

Front 85

Cellular respiration requires ________ to break down organic nutrients to release energy, which is captured in high energy ________ bonds.

Back 85

oxygen; phosphate

Front 86

If a 5% glucose solution (A) is separated from a 10% glucose solution (B) by a semipermeable membrane, glucose will diffuse from ____ to ____, and water will diffuse from ____ to ____.

Back 86

B to A; A to B

Front 87

During what phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope disappear and the chromosomes condense?

Back 87

Prophase

Front 88

Mitotic cell division produces _____ daughter cells with ________ chromosome content as the parent cell.

Back 88

two; identical

Front 89

The structure that controls the movement of materials into and out of cells is the

Back 89

plasma membrane

Front 90

One key difference between mitosis and meiosis is that mitosis forms _____ cells while meiosis forms ______ cells.

Back 90

diploid; haploid

Front 91

Substances can enter a cell either with or against the concentration gradient by __________ transport, which is powered by ________.

Back 91

active; ATP

Front 92

_________ contain digestive enzymes and are used to clean up the cell, digest bacteria that have entered the cell, or breakdown worn-out organelles.

Back 92

Lysosomes

Front 93

________ cellular respiration occurs in _________ and produces most of the ATP formed by cellular respiration.

Back 93

Aerobic; mitochondria

Front 94

The network of membranes that provide channels for the movement of materials throughout the cytoplasm is the

Back 94

endoplasmic reticulum.

Front 95

If a blood cell is immersed in a solution that causes fluid to diffuse from the cell, the solution is a/an _________ solution.

Back 95

hypertonic

Front 96

The ________ is the organelle active in most of the lipid and carbohydrate synthesis within the cell.

Back 96

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Front 97

The __________ acts as the cell's "post office" by sorting, processing, and packaging materials to be transported within the cell or excreted.

Back 97

Golgi complex

Front 98

Ligaments and tendons are composed of _________ connective tissue, which contains densely packed ________ fibers providing strength and flexibility.

Back 98

fibrous; collagenous

Front 99

The matrix of bone is formed in circular layers called

Back 99

lamellae

Front 100

The connective tissue with a matrix of calcium salts and a few collagenous fibers is

Back 100

bone

Front 101

_____________ is found lining the upper respiratory passages and may include specialized mucus secreting goblet cells.

Back 101

Pseudostritified columnar epithelium

Front 102

The connective tissue that helps insulate the body, cushions internal organs, and stores excess nutrient energy is ________ tissue.

Back 102

adipose

Front 103

________ are cells of ________ tissue which are specialized to form and transmit impulses.

Back 103

Neurons; nerve

Front 104

Tissues that cover the body surface and line body cavities are _______ tissues.

Back 104

epithelial

Front 105

The muscle tissue(s) that can be characterized as striated and voluntary is/are ________.

Back 105

skeletal muscle

Front 106

The upper respiratory passages are lined with ________ epithelium.

Back 106

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Front 107

Blood is classified as

Back 107

connective tissue.

Front 108

_____________ is a specialized connective tissue located in the intervertebral disks to absorb shock.

Back 108

Fibrocartilage

Front 109

In compact bone, the bone matrix is deposited in concentric rings around ________, and _________ serve as passageways for materials to move between osteocytes in lacunae.

Back 109

osteonic canals; canaliculi

Front 110

Cells of _______ muscle tissue are striated with a single nucleus, and this tissue is _________ in function.

Back 110

cardiac; involuntary

Front 111

The muscle tissue(s) that can be characterized as striated and involuntary is/are ________.

Back 111

cardiac muscle

Front 112

_______________ is found lining the urinary bladder and is specialized to stretch and return to its original shape.

Back 112

Transitional epithelium

Front 113

The cartilage containing short rows of chondrocytes between tightly packed collagenous fibers is

Back 113

fibrocartilage

Front 114

Intercalated disks are contained in

Back 114

cardiac muscle

Front 115

A single layer of square-like cells describes which of the following tissues?

Back 115

simple cuboidal epithelium

Front 116

The epithelial membranes lining the ventral body cavity are _______ membranes.

Back 116

serous

Front 117

Which of the following cell types would be found in places such as the kidneys or the secretory portions of glands?

Back 117

simple cuboidal epithelium

Front 118

________________ is found lining the intestines and is important in the secretion and absorption of substances.

Back 118

Simple columnar epithelium

Front 119

The mouth, esophagus, and vagina are lined with nonkeratinized ________ epithelium.

Back 119

stratified squamous

Front 120

_________ cartilage covers bone surfaces in joints and attaches ribs to the breastbone.

Back 120

Hyaline

Front 121

Simple _______ epithelium occurs where diffusion, osmosis, and filtration are important functions within body organs.

Back 121

squamous

Front 122

_________ is the connective tissue responsible for the storage of fat.

Back 122

Adipose

Front 123

The cells that support the nervous system are referred to as _______.

Back 123

neuroglia

Front 124

Cells that are active in the breakdown of a connective tissue will have the suffix _______.

Back 124

-clast

Front 125

The ________ are the spaces in which the ostocytes of bone reside.

Back 125

lacunae

Front 126

Cells of ________ muscle tissue have striations plus multiple nuclei, and this tissue is _______ in function.

Back 126

skeletal; voluntary

Front 127

The membranes that line the joints of the body are referred to as

Back 127

synovial membranes.

Front 128

The membranes that line the cavities of the body and the internal organs are referred to as

Back 128

serous membranes.

Front 129

A single layer of flat scale-like cells with a centrally located nucleus describes

Back 129

simple squamous epithelium.

Front 130

Elastic connective tissue is formed by ________, which secretes collagen and elastin proteins that form the matrix.

Back 130

fibroblasts

Front 131

The membranes of the body are formed from

Back 131

epithelium and connective tissues.

Front 132

The fibrous membranes lining joint cavities are _________ membranes.

Back 132

connective tissue

Front 133

Accessory structures such as hair and glands develop from the

Back 133

epidermis

Front 134

The pigment of the skin which contributes to skin coloration is

Back 134

melanin

Front 135

Ceruminous glands are specialized _______ glands.

Back 135

sweat

Front 136

The superficial cells of the __________ are sloughed off and continually replaced.

Back 136

stratum corneum

Front 137

If body temperature increases above normal, what occurs?

Back 137

sweating occurs and blood vessels of the dermis dilate

Front 138

The ________ is composed of fibrous connective tissue whose strength and toughness results from abundant _________ fibers.

Back 138

dermis; collagen

Front 139

Exposure of the skin to sunlight stimulates the production of vitamin D.

Back 139

Exposure of the skin to sunlight stimulates the production of vitamin D.

Front 140

The layer within the epidermis that acts as the foundation providing new cells is the _______.

Back 140

stratum basale

Front 141

Adipose tissue in the _________ provides insulation that reduces the body's heat loss or gain.

Back 141

hypodermis

Front 142

Appocrine sweat glands are located

Back 142

in the genital and axillary regions.

Front 143

Exposure to sunlight stimulates the production of

Back 143

melanin and vitamin D.

Front 144

When body temperature is higher than normal, blood flow to the skin is increased.

Back 144

When body temperature is higher than normal, blood flow to the skin is increased.

Front 145

The _________ lacks blood vessels and must be nourished by materials diffusing from blood vessels in the _________.

Back 145

epidermis; dermis

Front 146

Eccrine sweat glands are located

Back 146

throughout the body.

Front 147

New cells of the epidermis are continuously formed in the

Back 147

stratum basale.

Front 148

The epidermis is formed of _________ epithelium, and its outermost layer consists of dead cells filled with ________.

Back 148

stratifed squamous; keratin

Front 149

_________ sweat glands occur over all of the body and secrete a watery perspiration to cool the body.

Back 149

Eccrine

Front 150

The root of a hair is located within a _________, an inward tubular extension of the epidermis into the dermis.

Back 150

hair follicle

Front 151

Fingernails and toenails are formed of

Back 151

keratinized epidermal cells.

Front 152

The subcutaneous region can also be referred to as the

Back 152

hypodermis

Front 153

Glands secreting an oily liquid into hair follicles are _________ glands.

Back 153

sebaceous

Front 154

_________ prevents excessive dryness and keeps skin soft and pliable.

Back 154

Sebum

Front 155

The integument consists of an outer _________ and an underlying ________.

Back 155

epidermis; dermis

Front 156

__________ sweat glands empty their secretions into hair follicles in axillary and genital areas of the body.

Back 156

Apocrine

Front 157

The integumentary system comprises

Back 157

skin, glands, hair, and nails.

Front 158

The skin pigment that provides protection from ultraviolet radiation is ________, which is produced by __________.

Back 158

melanin; melanocytes

Front 159

The outermost layer of the skin is the

Back 159

epidermis

Front 160

The predominant tissues composing the hypodermis are _________ tissue and ________ tissue.

Back 160

loose connective; adipose

Front 161

Keratin is a ________ that is secreted by cells of the epidermis to waterproof the skin and protects against abrasion.

Back 161

protein

Front 162

A major difference between the eccrine sweat glands and the appocrine sweat glands is that eccrine glands empty into/onto _______ while appocrine glands empty into/onto _______.

Back 162

the skin surface; a hair follicle

Front 163

The secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine are regulated by the __________ nervous system.

Back 163

sympathetic

Front 164

________ hormones bind to a receptor on the ________, which releases an enzyme that converts ATP into cAMP.

Back 164

Nonsteroid; plasma membrane

Front 165

An insufficient production of a hormone would be referred to as

Back 165

hyposecretion

Front 166

________ hormones enter a cell's nucleus and bind with a receptor to form a ________, which activates specific genes.

Back 166

Steroid; receptor-hormone complex

Front 167

Diabetes insipidus is due to a lack of

Back 167

anti-diuretic hormone.

Front 168

TSH is secreted by the ________ gland and stimulates hormone secretion by the ________ gland.

Back 168

anterior lobe of the pituitary; thyroid

Front 169

Myxedema is caused by a severe deficiency of ________ in ______________.

Back 169

T3; adults

Front 170

Which of the following hormones stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk expulsion when an infant is nursing?

Back 170

oxytocin

Front 171

A hormone is a chemical messenger that produces specific responses in

Back 171

only cells with receptors for that hormone.

Front 172

The hormone _________ stimulates movement of glucose into body cells and the conversion of excess glucose into glycogen.

Back 172

insulin

Front 173

The secretion of ________ by the posterior pituitary gland is the only hormone controlled by ________.

Back 173

oxytocin; positive feedback

Front 174

A chemical within a cell that aids in the functionality of a hormone is a _________________.

Back 174

secondary messenger

Front 175

Epinephrine can also be ___________ and accounts for approximately _____ of the adrenal medulla secretions.

Back 175

adrenaline; 80%

Front 176

___________ is secreted by the adrenal cortex and assists in the maintenance of normal glucose regulation.

Back 176

Cortisol

Front 177

Milk production by the mammary glands is initiated and maintained by _________.

Back 177

prolactin

Front 178

The hormone progesterone is directly regulated by

Back 178

LH

Front 179

Which of the following structures is sometimes referred to as the "master gland?"

Back 179

anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Front 180

The hormone responsible for the development of female sex organs is ________, which is controlled by follicle stimulating hormone secreted by the ________.

Back 180

estrogen; anterior lobe of the pituitary

Front 181

The hormone ________ lowers blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium deposition in bones, but the hormone ________ has the opposite effect.

Back 181

calcitonin; parathormone

Front 182

Epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion by the ________ prepare the body to meet emergencies.

Back 182

adrenal medulla

Front 183

Cretinism is caused by a severe deficiency of ________ in ______________.

Back 183

T3; infants

Front 184

________ is the hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that stimulates the kidneys to retain ________ ions and maintain the concentration of mineral ions and water in the blood.

Back 184

Aldosterone; sodium

Front 185

Special neurons in the hypothalamus control the release of hormones from the _______ gland.

Back 185

pituitary

Front 186

Hormones secreted by the ________ gland regulate the metabolic rate and promote protein synthesis in body cells.

Back 186

thyroid

Front 187

The thymus gland is typically ________ in children than adults, and aids in the maturation of cells active in the _________ system.

Back 187

larger; immune

Front 188

The primary mechanism controlling the secretion of most hormones is

Back 188

negative feedback.

Front 189

The hormone ________ increases glucose concentration in blood, but the hormone ________ has the opposite effect.

Back 189

glucagon; insulin

Front 190

The hormone that seems to control wake-sleep cycles is _________ produced by the ________ gland.

Back 190

melatonin; pineal

Front 191

An articulation is

Back 191

the joint formed between two bones.

Front 192

The pectoral girdle is formed by the ________ and ________ on each side of the body.

Back 192

clavicle; scapula

Front 193

The bones of the foot consist of seven ________, five ________, and fourteen ________.

Back 193

tarsals; metatarsals; phalanges

Front 194

Yellow marrow acts to

Back 194

store fat.

Front 195

The _________ are rather large nonossified areas at junctions of an infant's cranial bones.

Back 195

fontanels

Front 196

The floor of the cranium is primarily formed by the ______ and _______ bones.

Back 196

occipital; sphenoid

Front 197

The shaft of a long bone is referred to as the

Back 197

diaphysis

Front 198

Skull bones containing paranasal sinuses are the

Back 198

maxilla, frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid.

Front 199

The fibula articulates with the tibia inferior to the

Back 199

lateral condyle.

Front 200

The trochlea of the humerus articulates with the

Back 200

ulna

Front 201

Amphiarthrosis joints can be described as _________ joints.

Back 201

slightly moveable

Front 202

The carpals of each wrist contain _____ bones.

Back 202

8

Front 203

The prominence of each cheek is formed by the

Back 203

zygomatic bone.

Front 204

The facial bones consist of a total of _______ bones.

Back 204

14

Front 205

A compound fracture is best described as

Back 205

a break which protrudes through the skin.

Front 206

The immoveable joints of the skull are called

Back 206

sutures

Front 207

Osteoblasts deposit the bone matrix in both compact and spongy bone.

Back 207

Osteoblasts deposit the bone matrix in both compact and spongy bone.

Front 208

Most skull bones are formed by _________ ossification, but other bones are formed by __________ ossification.

Back 208

intramembranous; endochondrial

Front 209

The interior portion of an epiphysis consists of

Back 209

spongy bone.

Front 210

The sacrum is formed from _____ fused vertebrae.

Back 210

5

Front 211

A long bone consists of a ________, a long shaft of bone, which extends between two enlarged terminal portions, the ________.

Back 211

diaphysis; epiphyses

Front 212

The axial skeleton includes

Back 212

the skull, the vertebra, the sternum, and the ribs.

Front 213

Seven ________ vertebrae, twelve _________ vertebrae, and five _________ vertebrae are located in the vertebral column.

Back 213

cervical; thoracic; lumbar

Front 214

The proper name for the human "tail" bone is the

Back 214

coccyx

Front 215

The numerous spaces in spongy bone are filled with

Back 215

red marrow.

Front 216

The sutures of the skull are examples of _________ joints.

Back 216

synarthrosis

Front 217

The maxilla articulates with all of the facial bones except the

Back 217

mandible bone

Front 218

The bone cells that maintain the matrix of bone are

Back 218

osteocytes

Front 219

Except for regions covered by articular cartilages, the ________ covers the surface of bones.

Back 219

periosteum

Front 220

The cervical vertebrae are different from the rest of the vertebral column in that they have

Back 220

transverse foramen.

Front 221

The cranial bone that articulates with the atlas is the

Back 221

occipital

Front 222

In diarthrosis joints, friction is reduced by __________ covering the ends of the bones and by fluid secreted by the __________.

Back 222

articular cartilages; synovial membranes

Front 223

The sternum is formed from the

Back 223

body, manubrium, and xiphoid process

Front 224

_________ results when light rays are focused in front of the retina.

Back 224

Nearsightedness

Front 225

Vibrations of the perilymph produce vibrations in the ________ causing hair cells in the ________ to form impulses that the brain interprets as sound sensations.

Back 225

basilar membrane; organ of Corti

Front 226

The actual receptors for taste are the ___________ located within the _________.

Back 226

chemoreceptors; taste hairs

Front 227

The interpretation of sensory impulses as sensations is the function of the

Back 227

cerebral cortex

Front 228

Tears are secreted by the __________, flow across the surface of the eye, and drain into the _________ via the superior and inferior canaliculi.

Back 228

lacrimal gland; lacrimal sac

Front 229

Sound stimuli are transmitted from the tympanic membrane to the oval window by the

Back 229

ear ossicles.

Front 230

In the maintenance of dynamic equilibrium, turning the head causes movement of endolymph in the _________ stimulating the hair cells of the _________ to form impulses, which are sent to the brain.

Back 230

semicircular canals; crista ampullaris

Front 231

Because a chemical we will smell needs to diffuse into the fluid surrounding the olfactory receptors, which of the following substances would not be able to be detected?

Back 231

lipids

Front 232

The _________ is the retinal area for sharpest, bright-light vision, and it contains densely packed ________.

Back 232

fovea centralis; cones

Front 233

Pitch of a sound wave is dependent on the ______ of the wave, while the volume is dependent on __________.

Back 233

frequency; amplitude

Front 234

The auditory ossicles, the malleaus, incus, and stapes are located in the

Back 234

middle ear.

Front 235

The ________ controls the amount of light entering the eye.

Back 235

iris

Front 236

The outer layer of the eye consists of the _______ and ________.

Back 236

sclera; cornea

Front 237

The structure that causes your nose to "run" when you cry is the ___________.

Back 237

nasolacrimal duct

Front 238

The intensity of a sensation is proportional to the ________ of impulses received by sensory areas of the cerebrum.

Back 238

frequency

Front 239

A woman applies perfume and immediately detects the scent. But after a short time, she cannot detect the scent. Why does this occur?

Back 239

Olfactory receptors have become adapted and no longer form impulses

Front 240

When cloudiness of the lens occurs it is referred to as ________.

Back 240

a cataract

Front 241

Light rays entering the eye are first bent by the ________ and finely focused on the retina by the _________.

Back 241

cornea; lens

Front 242

The space between the bony and membranous labyrinths contain ________. While the membranous labyrinth itself contains __________.

Back 242

perilymph; endolymph

Front 243

The rods are active in ________ vision and contain the pigment ____________.

Back 243

black and white; rhodopsin

Front 244

The receptors for sound stimuli are located in the

Back 244

cochlea

Front 245

The external portion of the ear which can be viewed is referred to as the

Back 245

auricle

Front 246

________ are the sensory receptors for pain.

Back 246

Free nerve endings

Front 247

Light receptors in the _________ form impulses that are transmitted to the brain via the ________ nerve.

Back 247

retina; optic

Front 248

Chemoreceptors for taste are _________, which can only detect chemicals that are _________ in a liquid.

Back 248

taste cells; dissolved

Front 249

The broad sheet of fibrous connective tissue active in connecting one muscle to another is referred to as the

Back 249

aponeurosis

Front 250

The plasma membrane, or phospholipid bilayer, of the skeletal muscle cell is referred to as the

Back 250

sarcolemma

Front 251

Which of the following muscles is the prime mover of the "hamstrings"?

Back 251

biceps femoris

Front 252

The ________ originates on the condyles of the femur, inserts on the calcaneus, flexes the leg, and plantar flexes the foot.

Back 252

gastrocnemius

Front 253

Two muscles of mastication are the _________ and _________.

Back 253

masseter; temporalis

Front 254

Which is the primary muscle used in smiling, when the corners of your moth lift upward?

Back 254

zygomaticus

Front 255

A sustained muscle contraction is referred to as

Back 255

tetanic contraction.

Front 256

The accumulation of lactic acid during strenuous muscle activity results from a deficiency of

Back 256

oxygen

Front 257

A muscle's motor units are activated by different thresholds of stimulation, which enables a muscle to exhibit

Back 257

graded contractions.

Front 258

An all-or-none response to a threshold stimulus is characteristic of

Back 258

individual muscle fibers.

Front 259

A weight lifter is attempting a new level of weights that are too heavy for him. His muscles contract but can't shorten. This would be an example of what type of contraction?

Back 259

isometric contraction

Front 260

Fibrosis of muscle tissue is caused by

Back 260

replacement of muscle tissue by fibrous connective tissue.

Front 261

When breathing, the muscles that surround the thoracic cavity undergo ________ contractions.

Back 261

isotonic

Front 262

When a muscle spanning a joint contracts, it pulls the ________ toward the ________.

Back 262

insertion; origin

Front 263

To raise the mandible during chewing you would need to contract what two muscles?

Back 263

the masseter and temporalis

Front 264

You've just eaten something sour and pucker your lips in response. This occurs due to the contraction of the ________ muscle.

Back 264

orbicularis oris

Front 265

Muscles that work together in a group such as the "hamstrings" are referred to as

Back 265

synergists

Front 266

A graded response occurs when

Back 266

multiple motor units are activated.

Front 267

The site of attachment of a muscle that does not move during contraction is identified as the

Back 267

origin

Front 268

Contraction of myofibrils results from _________ cross-bridges pulling _______ filaments to the center of a sarcomere.

Back 268

myosin; actin

Front 269

Muscle cells can store oxygen using the pigment

Back 269

myoglobin

Front 270

The neurotransmitter active in skeletal muscle contraction is

Back 270

acetylcholine

Front 271

The superficial muscle that originates on the pubic bone and inserts on the tip of the sternum and costal cartilages is the

Back 271

rectus abdominis.

Front 272

Select the three muscles that compose the hamstrings and flex the leg.

Back 272

biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus

Front 273

The muscle that extends and rotates the femur laterally is the

Back 273

gluteus maximus.

Front 274

Contraction of the diaphragm results in

Back 274

inspiration

Front 275

A skeletal muscle contains many fascicles of _________ bound together by _________ connective tissue.

Back 275

muscle fibers; fibrous

Front 276

The functional unit of skeletal muscle is

Back 276

a sarcomere.

Front 277

A muscle fiber is stimulated to contract when receptors on the _________ bind with acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft by the axon tip of the ________.

Back 277

sarcolemma; motor neuron

Front 278

The muscle that can be described as multinucleated, striated and voluntary is

Back 278

skeletal muscle.

Front 279

The muscle that extends the forearm is the

Back 279

triceps brachii.

Front 280

A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls constitute a __________, which contains _________ muscle fibers where precise muscle control is required.

Back 280

motor unit; very few

Front 281

The muscle that can be described as involuntary, non-striated, and having a single nucleus is

Back 281

smooth muscle.

Front 282

The muscle that abducts and extends the humerus is the

Back 282

deltoid

Front 283

The ________ controls posture, balance, and the coordination of body movements.

Back 283

cerebellum

Front 284

The ________ is responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body, and it is a major control center for the ________ nervous system.

Back 284

hypothalmamus; autonomic

Front 285

In the CNS, the groupings of cell bodies are called ________, whereas in the PNS they are referred to as ________.

Back 285

nuclei; ganglion

Front 286

The cavities in the brain are called the __________.

Back 286

ventricles

Front 287

The ________ is a mass of myelinated nerve fibers connecting the cerebral hemispheres.

Back 287

corpus callosum

Front 288

The somatic portion of the nervous system transmits

Back 288

voluntary actions and conscious information.

Front 289

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system produce _________ effects on internal organs and tissues.

Back 289

opposite

Front 290

The posterior root of spinal nerves contains processes of _________ neurons.

Back 290

sensory

Front 291

The dendrite of a nerve cell acts to

Back 291

conduct action potentials toward the cell body.

Front 292

The ___________ controls the reflex center for the regulation of cardiac function, respiratory function, coughing, sneezing, and some digestive functions.

Back 292

medulla

Front 293

The motor division of the PNS carries action potentials from the CNS to

Back 293

all muscle types and glands.

Front 294

The respiratory, cardiac and vasomotor control centers are located in the

Back 294

medulla oblongata.

Front 295

________ fills the space between the arachnoid mater and the _________.

Back 295

Cerebrospinal fluid; pia mater

Front 296

The _________ interprets sensory impulses and controls voluntary body movements and intellectual processes.

Back 296

cerebrum

Front 297

The myelin sheath around axons of peripheral neurons is formed by

Back 297

Schwann cells.

Front 298

____________ form the linings of the cavities in the brain and spinal cord.

Back 298

Ependymal cells

Front 299

The _________ nervous system is the control center of the nervous system and consists of the _________ and spinal cord.

Back 299

central; brain

Front 300

A nerve impulse is formed when a neuron's _________ becomes permeable to _______ ions, and the sudden inflow of these ions depolarizes the neuron's plasma membrane.

Back 300

plasma membrane; sodium

Front 301

The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body to meet emergencies.

Back 301

sympathetic

Front 302

___________ form the blood - brain barrier and act to provide structural support for nerve cells in the CNS.

Back 302

Astrocytes

Front 303

The portion of the brain that acts to control posture, balance, and the coordination of skeletal muscle contraction is the _________.

Back 303

cerebellum

Front 304

A neuron process that receives impulses from receptors or another neuron is a/an

Back 304

dendrite

Front 305

There are _____ cervical vertebrae and ______ cervical nerves.

Back 305

seven; eight

Front 306

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of ______ and _______.

Back 306

nerves; sensory receptors

Front 307

The myelin sheath around axons within the central nervous system is ____________, while in the peripheral nervous system it is formed by __________.

Back 307

an oligodendrocyte; a Schwann cell

Front 308

Which area of the brain acts as the major regulator of the autonomic nervous system?

Back 308

the hypothalamus

Front 309

The ________ nerve develops from the cervical plexus and innervates the diaphragm to aid in the regulation of breathing.

Back 309

phrenic

Front 310

The portion of the brain active in most sensory input as well as voluntary muscle control is the _____.

Back 310

cerebrum

Front 311

The junction between a nerve and another cell is

Back 311

a synapse

Front 312

The cranial nerve which acts to innervate the thoracic and abdominal organs is the ________ nerve.

Back 312

vagus

Front 313

________ pairs of cranial nerves and _________ pairs of spinal nerves connect the central nervous system with body organs and tissues.

Back 313

Twelve; 31

Front 314

A ________ neuron carries impulses from receptors to the central nervous system, and its cell body is located ________ the CNS.

Back 314

sensory; outside

Front 315

The cranial nerves which are exclusively sensory are cranial nerves numbers _________.

Back 315

I, II, VIII

Front 316

In a given volume of blood, about ________% is plasma and ________% is formed elements.

Back 316

55; 45

Front 317

_________ that migrate into tissues become mast cells, which release _________ in allergic reactions.

Back 317

Basophils; histamine

Front 318

Antibodies that attack pathogens are produced by

Back 318

B lymphocytes.

Front 319

A person with blood type AB possesses ________ on the plasma membrane of his/her erythrocytes.

Back 319

antigens A and B

Front 320

Worn-out red blood cells are removed from circulation by the _________ and ___________.

Back 320

liver; spleen

Front 321

________ form a temporary plug to stop bleeding in a broken blood vessel.

Back 321

Platelets

Front 322

The preferred blood type for transfusing to a person with blood type A Rh- is ________, but when it is unavailable, blood type(s) _________ may be used.

Back 322

A Rh-; O Rh-

Front 323

Polycythemia is a condition characterized by the excessive production of _________.

Back 323

erythrocytes

Front 324

A woman with Rh- blood does not have anti-Rh antibodies in her blood unless

Back 324

Rh+ erythrocytes have previously been introduced into her blood.

Front 325

A large majority of the proteins found in plasma are produced by the __________.

Back 325

liver

Front 326

________ are the blood cells that help provide a defense against disease organisms.

Back 326

Leukocytes

Front 327

Mature ________ are the most abundant of the formed elements.

Back 327

erythrocytes

Front 328

The ion required for coagulation is ________.

Back 328

Ca2+

Front 329

The cells from which white blood cells are derived are called

Back 329

hemocytoblasts

Front 330

The enzyme ________ converts fibrinogen into strands of ________, which form a blood clot.

Back 330

thrombin; fibrin

Front 331

A decrease in blood oxygen increases the release of ________ from kidneys and liver, and it stimulates the production of ________ by red bone marrow.

Back 331

erythropoietin; erythrocytes

Front 332

________ are leukocytes that migrate into tissues and become macrophages.

Back 332

Monocytes

Front 333

Approximately __________ red blood cells are produced per second in a normal individual.

Back 333

2 million

Front 334

The normal level for hematocrit in females is

Back 334

38 - 47%

Front 335

In a blood transfusion, one must consider the ________ of the donor and the _______ of the recipient

Back 335

antigens; antibodies

Front 336

___________ for approximately 60% of the plasma proteins and are active in maintaining pH and osmotic concentration gradients.

Back 336

Albumin

Front 337

Within plasma, the transport of non-protein nitrogen substances is important for the

Back 337

removal of waste products.

Front 338

________ are leukocytes that neutralize histamine and destroy parasitic worms.

Back 338

Eosinophils

Front 339

The hemoglobin within erythrocytes plays a major role in the transport of ________ by the blood.

Back 339

oxygen

Front 340

The _________ acts to slow action potentials, while the _________ transmits these signals very quickly.

Back 340

A-V node; Purkinje fibers

Front 341

If excessive fluid retention increases blood volume, blood pressure is likely to

Back 341

increase

Front 342

The sequence of arteries supplying most of the blood to either knee is

Back 342

aorta (--) common iliac (--) external iliac (--) femoral (--) popliteal.

Front 343

The first branches which come off of the aorta are the right and left ____________ arteries.

Back 343

coronary

Front 344

The ________ rhythmically forms impulses initiating each heartbeat and transmits these inpulses to the _________.

Back 344

S-A node; A-V node

Front 345

The p wave of an ECG represents

Back 345

atrial depolarization.

Front 346

In addition to the carotid arteries, the brain is also supplied with blood through the __________ arteries.

Back 346

vertebral

Front 347

In addition to the carotid arteries, the brain is also supplied with blood through the __________ arteries.

Back 347

vertebral

Front 348

An increase in the frequency of sympathetic impulses to arteries and arterioles, produces ________, which ________ blood pressure and velocity.

Back 348

vasoconstriction; increases

Front 349

In most models and images of the cardiovascular system, vessels transporting de-oxygenated blood will be color coded in ________.

Back 349

blue

Front 350

The heart rate is increased by impulses from _________ neurons and decreased by impulses from _________ neurons.

Back 350

sympathetic; parasympathetic

Front 351

Heart rate regulation is primarily controlled by the cardiac control center located in the

Back 351

medulla oblongata.

Front 352

The ________ pumps blood into the aorta, and the _________ receives blood from the vena cavae.

Back 352

left ventricle; right atrium

Front 353

The specialized area of the myocardium that acts to anchor the chordae tendineae is the

Back 353

papillary muscle.

Front 354

The sequence of veins draining most of the blood from either side of the brain is

Back 354

internal jugular (--) brachiocephalic (--) superior vena cava (--) right atrium.

Front 355

The _________ atrioventricular valve is located on the right side of the heart, while the __________ valve is on the left.

Back 355

tricupid; bicuspid

Front 356

Blood returning to the heart from the lungs enters the ________, and blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs by the ________.

Back 356

left atrium; right ventricle

Front 357

The ________ act to receive blood from veins, while the _________ pump blood away from the heart.

Back 357

atria; ventricles

Front 358

An abnormal heartbeat that has a rate exceeding 100 beats per minute is ______________.

Back 358

tachycardia

Front 359

The ____________ is referred to as the pacemaker of the heart.

Back 359

S-A node

Front 360

The hepatic portal system is an unusual vein in that it is transporting ______________.

Back 360

nutrient-rich blood

Front 361

The viscera within the pelvis are drained through the __________ vein.

Back 361

internal iliac

Front 362

A precapillary sphincter muscle controls the flow of blood from

Back 362

arteriole to capillary.

Front 363

During ________, the atrioventricular valves are closed and the semilunar valves are open.

Back 363

ventricular systole

Front 364

The sequence of veins returning blood from the stomach is

Back 364

gastric (--) hepatic portal (--) liver (--) hepatic (--) inferior vena cava (--) right atrium.

Front 365

The ________ valve prevents the backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium.

Back 365

bicuspid atrioventricular

Front 366

The pulmonary veins are unusual as veins because they are transporting ________.

Back 366

oxygenated blood

Front 367

The membranous covering of the heart is the _________, which includes a loosely fitting sac composed of an inner ________ and an outer _________.

Back 367

pericardium; parietal pericardium; fibrous pericardium

Front 368

The QRS complex of an ECG represents

Back 368

ventricular depolarization.

Front 369

The _________ acts to receive blood from all of the veins of the heart.

Back 369

coronary sinus

Front 370

The artery carrying blood from the aorta to most of the small intestine is the

Back 370

superior mesenteric.

Front 371

The immunity that one receives from their mother both pre-natal and post-natal is referred to as

Back 371

passive natural.

Front 372

An immune response begins when a ________ is activated by binding to both a foreign antigen and a self antigen on an antigen presenting cell's plasma membrane.

Back 372

helper T lymphocyte

Front 373

Before birth the _________ acts to form blood cells, while after birth and throughout adulthood it is the __________.

Back 373

spleen; bone marrow

Front 374

B cells that respond to the same antigen and are derived from a single cell are referred to as

Back 374

clones

Front 375

_________ results when a person receives a vaccine that triggers a primary immune response and leaves memory T and B lymphocytes to initiate an attack if the pathogen re-enters the body.

Back 375

Artificially acquired active immunity

Front 376

There are ______ sub-types of T cells recognized to participate in the immune response.

Back 376

4

Front 377

During bacterial infections, the accumulation of dead cells, immune cells, and chemical mediators that form a thick whitish fluid is called

Back 377

pus

Front 378

The first step in a B-cell's defense against a microorganism is to

Back 378

recognize the antigen.

Front 379

An activated _______ rapidly divides to form a clone of plasma cells, which produce antibodies and memory cells.

Back 379

B lymphocyte

Front 380

The antibody active in agglutination or clumping of antigens is

Back 380

IgM

Front 381

________, a localized response to infection, attracts leukocytes to the affected tissues to destroy the pathogens.

Back 381

Inflammation

Front 382

Excess interstitial fluid is collected and returned to the blood by the

Back 382

lymphatic system.

Front 383

________ in lymphatic vessels and trunks prevent a backflow of blood.

Back 383

Valves

Front 384

______________ immunity provides protection against all types of pathogens and has no "memory."

Back 384

Non-specific

Front 385

________ and respiratory movements move lymph upward through lymphatic vessels and trunks below the heart.

Back 385

Skeletal muscle contractions

Front 386

________ are large phagocytic, pathogen-destroying cells in body tissues.

Back 386

Macrophages

Front 387

Blood is filtered and cleansed, and erythrocytes are stored in the

Back 387

spleen

Front 388

Lymphocytes originate in _________ and, after maturation, move into _________ where they divide to produce large populations.

Back 388

red bone marrow; lymphatic organs

Front 389

Lymph is filtered and cleansed by the ________ before it is returned to the blood stream.

Back 389

lymph nodes

Front 390

The antibody primarily active in allergic responses and the activation of basophils is

Back 390

IgE.

Front 391

The enzyme found in tears, saliva, and nasal secretions that acts to destroy bacteria is __________.

Back 391

a lysozyme

Front 392

________ mature in the thymus gland and release chemicals to destroy pathogens.

Back 392

T lymphocytes

Front 393

Lymphatic vessels are similar to veins in that they contain _________, but unlike blood vessels in that they lack __________.

Back 393

valves; tunics

Front 394

The antibody that is capable of crossing the placental barrier and is responsible for the Rh incompatibility between an Rh negative mother and an Rh positive fetus is

Back 394

IgG

Front 395

The skin and mucous membranes can be considered as a ____________ part of innate immunity.

Back 395

mechanical barrier

Front 396

The antibody that acts as a receptor on the surface of B cell is

Back 396

IgD

Front 397

Lymph from most of the body is returned to the blood in the _________ vein.

Back 397

left subclavian

Front 398

Only lymphocytes possessing ________ that can bind with the ________ on an invading pathogen are involved in the immune response against it.

Back 398

receptors; antigens

Front 399

Materials moving between body cells and blood capillaries pass through the _________, which surrounds all tissue cells.

Back 399

interstitial fluid

Front 400

The ________ project from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity increasing its surface area.

Back 400

nasal conchae

Front 401

________ and smaller air passages of the bronchial tree are not lined with ciliated mucous membranes.

Back 401

Bronchioles

Front 402

The upper respiratory tract consists of the

Back 402

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, and part of the trachea.

Front 403

Otis media is the proper term for an infection of the

Back 403

middle ear.

Front 404

The divide between the nasal cavity and oral cavity is formed by the

Back 404

palate

Front 405

Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the reaction of carbon dioxide and water to form

Back 405

carbonic acid.

Front 406

From the nasal cavity, air passes, in sequence, through the _________ on the way to the lungs.

Back 406

pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi

Front 407

The respiratory center in the ________ coordinates the rhythmic inspiration and expiration of quiet breathing.

Back 407

pons

Front 408

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air in alveoli and blood in capillaries occurs by

Back 408

diffusion

Front 409

For inspiration to occur, the pressure in the alveoli must be _______ than barometric pressure due to _________ of the inspiratory muscles.

Back 409

less; contraction

Front 410

The structures which make up the larynx begin with the ________ and end at the _________.

Back 410

hyoid bone; cricoid cartilage

Front 411

A moderate ________ in the blood stimulates an increase in breathing rate and depth.

Back 411

increase in carbon dioxide concentration

Front 412

Without surfactant, the _________ would collapse preventing inspiration.

Back 412

alveoli

Front 413

The amount that is always left in the lungs after expiration is the

Back 413

residual volume.

Front 414

The maximum amount of air that can be forcefully exchanged, the ________, is about 4,600 ml.

Back 414

vital capacity

Front 415

The chemical bond between oxygen and hemoglobin is

Back 415

unstable and reversible.

Front 416

_______________ is the movement of air in and out of the lungs, while __________ is the movement of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissues.

Back 416

Ventilation; internal respiration

Front 417

Carbon dioxide is primarily transported as

Back 417

bicarbonate ions.

Front 418

Gas exchange in the lungs occurs between air in the __________ and blood in surrounding capillaries.

Back 418

alveoli

Front 419

In humans, the right lung consists of _______ lobes while the left has ______ lobes.

Back 419

3; 2

Front 420

________ of the diaphragm decreases intra-alveolar pressure resulting in ________.

Back 420

Contraction; inspiration

Front 421

When swallowing, food is prevented from entering the trachea by the

Back 421

epiglottis

Front 422

The expiratory center in the _________ stimulates forceful expirations.

Back 422

medulla oblongata

Front 423

The amount of air that can be forcefully expired beyond tidal volume is the

Back 423

expiratory reserve volume

Front 424

The pharyngeal tonsils are sometimes referred to as the ________ when they are enlarged.

Back 424

adenoids

Front 425

The ability of the body to reabsorb significant quantities of water from the filtrate is due to

Back 425

a high medullary concentration gradient; hormonal control; and the concentration of urea in interstitial fluids.

Front 426

The gastric enzyme ________ is secreted in inactive form and activated by the low pH of gastric juice.

Back 426

pepsin

Front 427

The end products of protein digestion are ________, which are absorbed into ________ of villi.

Back 427

amino acids; capillaries

Front 428

Bile, which emulsifies fats, is secreted by the

Back 428

liver

Front 429

The end products of fat digestion are converted into ________ within epithelial cells and move into the ________ of villi.

Back 429

chylomicrons; lacteals

Front 430

The ________ salivary glands secrete a saliva rich in ________.

Back 430

parotid; amylase

Front 431

Fatty chyme entering the small intestine stimulates the secretion of _______, which stimulates the pancreas to secrete __________.

Back 431

cholecystokinin; enzymes

Front 432

The ________ nervous system innervates the intestinal mucosa and may stimulate the secretion of intestinal enzymes.

Back 432

parasympathetic

Front 433

A nutrient that is required for the synthesis of fatty acids as well as playing a role in cellular respiration is ________.

Back 433

biotin

Front 434

The alimentary canal is approximately ______ feet long in an adult.

Back 434

29

Front 435

The layers of the alimentary canal, from outside in, are the

Back 435

serosa, muscular, submucosa and mucosa.

Front 436

The ___________ has fibers which penetrate into the alveolar bone and aid in holding the teeth in place.

Back 436

periodontal membrane

Front 437

One of the nutrients important for the synthesis of DNA and RNA is

Back 437

folic acid

Front 438

Acid chyme entering the duodenum causes the intestinal mucosa to secrete the hormone ________, which stimulates the secretion of ________ that is rich in bicarbonates.

Back 438

secretin; pancreatic juice

Front 439

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the ________ and concludes in the ________.

Back 439

mouth; small intestine

Front 440

The folds in the mucosa of the stomach which allows it to expand as it fills with food are the

Back 440

rugae

Front 441

An organic compound that the body needs in minute amounts is a

Back 441

vitamin

Front 442

Both ________ and ________ catalyze the hydrolysis of proteins to form peptides.

Back 442

pepsin; trypsin

Front 443

In addition to the secretion of bile, the liver is active in

Back 443

Synthesizing blood proteins;
Covering nutrients into usable forms; Detoxification

Front 444

There is a total of ________ deciduous teeth and ________ permanent teeth.

Back 444

20; 32

Front 445

_________ is secreted by stomach and is important for the absorption of Vitamin B12 in the _______.

Back 445

Intrinsic factor; small intestine

Front 446

The mineral required for the normal conduction of nerve impulses as well as ATP - ADP conversions is

Back 446

magnesium

Front 447

________ catalyzes the digestion of starch and glycogen to maltose.

Back 447

Amylase

Front 448

The enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of triglycerides is

Back 448

lipase

Front 449

The taste buds of the tongue are located on the

Back 449

papillae

Front 450

Gastric juice secretion is increased by ________ impulses and the hormone ________, which is produced by the stomach.

Back 450

parasympathetic; gastrin

Front 451

One of the nutrients active in the synthesis of proteins and antibodies is

Back 451

B6-

Front 452

The fat-soluble vitamin required for the formation and maintenance of cell membranes is

Back 452

vitamin E

Front 453

The primary function of the large intestine is the

Back 453

absorption of water and certain minerals and vitamins

Front 454

_________ are primarily used as an energy source, but unused quantities are converted into _________ and stored.

Back 454

Monosaccharides; triglycerides

Front 455

The hormone that stimulates the secretions of the stomach is

Back 455

gastrin

Front 456

A ________ consists of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.

Back 456

nephron

Front 457

A _________ carries urine from a kidney to the urinary bladder.

Back 457

ureter

Front 458

The fluid in the glomerular capsule contains the same substances as blood plasma except it lacks

Back 458

proteins

Front 459

________, formed by the breakdown of bile pigments in the intestine, gives the characteristic color to urine.

Back 459

Urochrome

Front 460

Urine formation begins when _________ moves some of the water and solutes in blood from the glomerulus into the glomerular capsule.

Back 460

filtration

Front 461

The outer layer of a kidney is the ________, and it contains the ________.

Back 461

renal cortex; renal corpuscles

Front 462

Aldosterone regulates the active reabsorption of sodium ions and secretion of potassium ions by the

Back 462

distal convoluted tubule.

Front 463

The kidneys assist in the blood's ability to transport oxygen due to the secretion of the hormone

Back 463

erythropoietin

Front 464

The ________ is a capillary tuft that lies between an afferent arteriole and an efferent arteriole.

Back 464

glomerulus

Front 465

The kidneys receive approximately ______ of the total cardiac output each minute.

Back 465

1/4

Front 466

When the _________ detects a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate it secretes ________ to start the renin (--) angiotensin mechanism.

Back 466

juxtaglomerular apparatus; renin

Front 467

Buffers either combine with or release ________ to maintain the pH of blood within normal limits.

Back 467

hydrogen ions

Front 468

With a normal glomerular filtration rate, the entire volume of blood in the body will be filtered approximately every ______ minutes.

Back 468

40

Front 469

Approximately 65% of tubular reabsorption occurs in the

Back 469

proximal tubule.

Front 470

Angiotensin II raises systemic blood pressure by triggering mechanisms that

Back 470

constrict arterioles and increase water retention.

Front 471

Antidiuretic hormone regulates the passive reabsorption of water from filtrate in the

Back 471

collecting duct.

Front 472

The functional unit of the kidney is the

Back 472

nephron

Front 473

The removal of amine groups from amino acids results in the formation of ________, the most abundant nitrogenous waste in urine.

Back 473

urea

Front 474

During reabsorption of solutes in the proximal tubule, most of the Cl- ions and HCO3- ions are moved by ________ mechanisms.

Back 474

passive transport

Front 475

During reabsorption of solutes in the proximal tubule, most of the amino acids, glucose, Na+ ions, K+ ions, and Ca2+ ions are moved by ________ mechanisms.

Back 475

active transport

Front 476

In the ________, nutrients and positive mineral ions are actively reabsorbed from the filtrate into blood in the peritubular capillary.

Back 476

proximal convoluted tubule

Front 477

Which of the following ions is secreted into filtrate rather than being reabsorbed?

Back 477

Mg+ ions

Front 478

The primary function of the urinary system is to

Back 478

maintain the volume and composition of body fluids within normal limits.

Front 479

Under normal conditions, which of the following substances would not appear in the filtrate?

Back 479

protein