Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
1 What transmits malaria?
2 What are they resistant to? 3 In what form? 4 How? |
1 Anopheles Mosquito
2 DDT and Malathoin 3 Sporozoite form (infectious stage) 4 In Saliva |
|
|
To what do plasmodia bind to in the liver
|
Thrombospondin and properdin
|
|
|
What causes relapses of malaria in vivax and ovale forms?
|
Hypnozoites deposited in hepatocytes
not present in falciparum or malariae |
|
|
____ defines the presence of throphozoites in RBCs
|
A single chromatin mass (ring)
|
|
|
____ defines the presence of schizonts in RBCs, what do these develop into?
|
Multiple chromatin masses (rings)
Merozoites which infect other RBCs once the cell is lysed |
|
|
How do mosquitoes become infected with Malaria from humans?
|
Production of reproductive gameotcytes from merozoites which are taken up during blood meal
|
|
|
Why is Falciparum more virulent than other plasmodia? (3)
|
1 Infect RBCs of any age (^parasitemia)
2 Causes Rosettes/Rouleaux leading to ischemia (PfEMP1 of Falciparum) 3 Cytokines which amoung other things inhibit RBC production |
|
|
Mechanism of Malaria resistance in SC?
|
Low oxygen concentrations do not allow parasite survival
|
|
|
Mechanism of P vivax resistance in Gambians?
|
Absence of Duffy Coat antigen on RBC which parasite binds to
|
|
|
How does P falciparum resist antibody response?
|
PfEMP1 mutations
|
|
|
What causes pigmentation (of spleen) in Malaria?
How does this appear? |
Build-up of Hemozoin, the breakdown product of hemoglobin
Granular, brown-black, faintly birefringent |
|
|
What is the morphology of the spleen in Chronic Malaria?
Other organs effected? |
Hemozoin pigmented --> Gray/Black parenchyma
Fibrotic and Brittle Liver, LNs, BM, brain |
|
|
What is the cause of cerebral effects in P falciparum?
|
Plugging of BVs with infected RBCs leads to RING HEMORRHAGES and DURCK GRANULOMAS
late stage neural degeneration and focal ischemic softening |
|
|
MCC Death in Children with Malaria?
Other causes of death in people? |
Cerebral Ischemia
PE, DIC |
|
|
What transmits Babesiosis?
What is its reservoir? Symptoms? |
Deer Ticks
White footed mouse Fever, Hemolytic Anemia. If asplenic more severe |
|
|
Morphological difference between Babesiosis and Malaria?
|
Babesiosis lacks hemozoin pigmentation and form characteristic MALTESE CROSSES (tetrads)
|
|
|
What causes fever in malaria?
|
Release of substances from lysing RBCs
|
|
|
What transmits Leishmaniasis?
In what form? Type of microbe? What exacerbates this infection? Reservoir? |
Sandflies
Promastigote Obligate intracellular kinetoplastid protozoan T cell dysfunctions Rodents/Dogs/Foxes |
|
|
Single mitochondrion with its DNA massed into a unique sub-organelle
|
Kinetoplast
|
|
|
what determines the location of leischmaniasis infection?
In what cells of the body does this microbe grow? |
Temperature at which they grow
Macrophages |
|
|
Which strains cause Visceral Leischmaniasis?
|
donovani and chagasi
|
|
|
Which strains cause cutaneous Leishmaniasis?
|
major
mexicana braziliensis |
|
|
what strains cause mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis?
|
Braziliensis
|
|
|
__ and ___ of the promastigote of Leischmaniasis allow for its manipulation of the complement system and survival in the macrophage
|
Lipophosphoglycan and gp63
|
|
|
How does the amastigote of leischmaniasis survive in the macrophage, allowing replication
|
maintains the pH at 6.5 with the use of an ATPase pump
|
|
|
What differentiates succesful and unsuccesful immune resistance to Leischmaniasis
|
Th1 reactions are succesful
Th2 are not |
|
|
_______ produces "black fever", a hyperpigmentation of the skin in Southern Asians
|
Leischmaniasis
|
|
|
What is the usual cause of death in visceral leischmaniasis caused by the chagas and donovani strains
|
Secondary bacterial infections
|
|
|
What is the cutaneous presentation of Leischmaniasis braziliensis mexicana, or major
|
Localized granulomatous ulcers with heaped up borders
|
|
|
Where are the lesions of mucocutaneous Leischmaniasis braziliensis?
|
Nasopharyngeal region
|
|
|
Single ulcer which spread to entire body containing foamy macrophages
|
Diffuse Cutaneous Leischmaniasis
|
|
|
_____ in a kinetoplastid extracellular parasite which causes African Sleeping Sickness
Which strain is acute and virulent, found in Eastern Africa Which is chronic and found in Western Africa? What transmits trypanosomes? |
Trypanosomiasis
Rhodesiense, contracted from animals Gambiense, contracted from humans Tsetse Flies (glossina) |
|
|
What form of Trypanosomes are transmitted
|
Trypomastigotes
|
|
|
What causes the wave like pattern of Trypanosomes?
|
changes in the VSG genes located on the chromosomal telomeres
|
|
|
What appears at the site of a insect bite site with Trypanosomes?
Where do these microbes concentrate? Characterstic morphology of plasma cells? |
Large red rubbery chancre
Capillary loops (Glomeruli, Virchow's Space, Choroid Plexus) Mott Cells |
|
|
____ ___ is a intracellular kinetoplastid which causes American Typanosomiasis and Chagas Disease
|
trypanosoma cruzi
|
|
|
What transmits the parasites of Chagas Disease?
What is present at the site of skin entry? |
"Kissing Bugs" Triatomids
a transient erythematous nodule "Chagoma" |
|
|
What are the characteristic results of Chagas disease?
What is the mechanism of this? (2) |
Achalasia, Megacolon
Dilated Cardiomyopathy Immune response to organisms and cross-reactivity causes autoimmunity |
|
|
What is present in the myocardium during Chagas disease?
|
Intracellular Pseudocysts
|
|
|
Multicellular eurkaryotic parasites
|
Metazoa
|
|
|
RoT for Strongyloides?
Reproduction mechanism? |
Skin --> Lungs --> Trachea --> SI
Parthenogensis (asexual) |
|
|
Who is predisposed to serious infection with strongyloides?
|
Patients undergoing corticosteroid therapy
|
|
|
What is present at the site of Strongyloides infection?
What is unique to this microbes cycle? |
@ Duodenal Crypts
Eosinophils, Inflammatory cells, worms/larvae/eggs |
|
|
the ____ is the head of the taenia solium tapeworm which contains sucker and hooklets for binding to the intestinal wall
|
Scolex
|
|
|
_____ are the reproductive areas of the Taenia solium, located in the ____ region of the microbe
|
Proglottids
Tail |
|
|
Convulsions and neurological symptoms of Cysticercosis are caused by?
|
Ingestion of eggs/larvae from undercooked meats (Intermediate version)
|
|
|
Viable T solium produces ____ and ____ to inhibit complement activation
|
Taeniastatin and Paramyosin
|
|
|
How do the cysts of Cysticercosis appear?
|
White/Grey *Opalescent* grape-like lesions with a thick wall filled with scolex and hooklets
can calcify |
|
|
_____ is the beef tapeworm
|
Taenia saginata
|
|
|
____ is the fish tapeworm
|
Diphyllobothrium latum
|
|
|
Large cysts of the liver with an inner nucleated and outer non-nucleated region, with the presence of "Hydatid sand" is characterstic of?
How is this acquired? |
Ingestion of food contaminated with eggs from canines
Uptaken in intestine |
|
|
_____ produces intracellular cysts of skeletal and cardiac muscle through activation of the Th2 pathway, producing "Nurse Cells".
What muscles are preferentially infected? How is this transmitted? GI Presentation? CNS? |
Trichinosis spiralis
Highly Vascular Muscles - Diaphragm, extraocular, deltoid, gastrocnemius By the ingestion of larvae in uncooked meat Increased intestinal contractility Focal Gliosis |
|
|
_____ is a nematode parasite that is acquired from ingestion of larvae from uncooked meat and produces intracellular cysts in muscle cells
|
Trichinosis spiralis
|
|
|
What is the morphology of the nurse cell in trichinosis infections?
What antibody is used in these infections |
loss of striation, vacuolization, gain of collagen capsule
Tyvelose |
|
|
Which strain of Schistosoma causes hematuria and granulomatous disease of the bladder resulting in obstructive uropathy
Where is this found |
Haematobium
Africa |
|
|
What form of the schistome infects humans
Transmitted by? Where do they normally settle? |
Cercariae
Snails In the Portal Vein |
|
|
___ produced by Th2 cells is responsible for the hepatic fibrosis of Schistomiasis infections
What dominates the early phase immune reaction? Late Phase? |
IL-13
Th1 reactions Th2 Reaction |
|
|
Characteristic morphology of the liver in Schistomiasis?
|
Pinhead granulomas
Pipe-stem fibrosis Hyperpigmentation (Iron free) |
|
|
Secondary effects of Schistomiasis?
|
Portal HT
Splenomegaly Cor Pulmonale |
|
|
Bladder morphology in S haematobium?
what cancer is this microbe associated with? |
Calcified bladder
SCC of the bladder |
|
|
______ and _____ are nematodes responsible for lymphatic filariasis, which is transmitted by _______s
what infects these nematodes that is required for growth and stimulate immune reactions |
Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi/timori
Wolbachia bacteria |
|
|
Cause of damage in Elephantisis (lymatic filariasis)?
Cause of damage in tropical pulmonary eosinophilia? (lymphatic filariasis) |
Th1 mediated responses forming granulomas
IgE hypersensitivity |
|
|
Tough cutaneous fibrosis and epithelial hyperkeratosis
|
Elephantiasis of Lymphatic Filariasis
|
|
|
What is thickened and calcified in the testis in Filariasis?
|
Tunica Vaginalis
|
|
|
Meyers-Kouvenaar Bodies
|
small dead microfilariae small withinepithelioid granulomas in the lungs characteristic of Filariasis
|
|
|
Recurrent Filarial Funiculoepididymitis
|
intense eosinophilia with hemorrhage and fibrin on Filariasis
|
|
|
Filarial nematode transmitted by black flies which causes "River Blindness" in Africa
What has greatly reduced its presence? |
Onchocerca volvulus
Ivermectin |
|
|
What is the Mazzotti Reaction?
|
Accentuation of Puncate Keratitis following treatment for Onchocerciasis
|
|
|
_____ kills _____ which is required for the fertility of Onchocecra volvus (and W bancrofti / Brugia)
|
Doxycyline
Wolbachia |
|
|
Characterstic Skin finding of Onchocerca volvulus?
Eye Presentation? |
"Onchoceroma" SubQ
Leopard/Lizard/Elephant Skin Puncate Keratitis Sclerosing Keratitis @ Scleral Limbus |
|
|
Severe Disseminated Candidias occurs in patients who are ______, causing ____ and ____
What other, similar defects, predispose? |
Neutropenic
DIC and Shock NADPH oxidase / MPO defects |
|
|
How does Brugia Malayi inhibit immune defenses in Filariasis? (4)
|
Antioxidant surface glycoproteins
Serpins inhibit neutrophil proteases Cystatin homologues inhib MHCII TGF-B Homologues decrease inflamm |
|
|
Candida produce ____ which blocks neutrophil oxygen radical production and degranulation
|
adenosine
|
|
|
_____ is an important determinant of virulence in Candida
|
Adhesion (avirulent without adhesion molecules)
|
|
|
the ____ form of Candida stimulates a protective antifungal Th1 response while the ____ form stimulates a nonprotective Th2 response
|
yeast form Th1
Filamentous form Th2 |
|
|
Which candida form enters can escape phagosomes and proliferate in the cytoplasm?
|
Filamentous
|
|
|
Blastoconidia
|
Yeast form of Candida
|
|
|
Thrush
appearance? predisposition? |
Supericial Candida Infection
Dirty-looking grey/white pseudomembranes Newborns, debilitated, corticosteroid therpay, broad spectrum antibiotics |
|
|
1 Characterstic Histologic appearance of Candida?
2 How does Candida Esophagitis present? 3 Predispositons to Vaginitis? |
1 Pseudohyphae
2 Dysphagia and Retrosternal pain 3 Diabetes, Pregnancy, Oral Contraceptives |
|
|
Cutaneous Candidiasis:
1 @ Nail Proper 2 @ Nail Fold 3 @ Hair Follicle 4 @ Armpits/Webs of Fingers 5 @ Penis 6 @ Infantile Perineum |
1 Onychomycosis
2 Paronychia 3 Folliculitis 4 Intertrigo 5 Balantitis 6 Diaper Rash |
|
|
What is present, regardless of location, in systemic Candida?
|
Abscesses
|
|
|
____ is the most common fungal endocarditis, normally occuring on prosthetic valves or in drug users
|
Candida
|
|
|
____ is an encapsulated yeast that causes meningoencephalitis opportunitically
1 RoT? 2 Major Virulence Factor? 3 Evasion of Immunity? 4 Microbial characterstics |
Cryptococcis neoformans
1 Inhalation of pidgeon droppings 2 Glucuronoxylomannin (capsular polysacc) 3 phenotypic variation of capsule polysacc 4 5-10um encapsulated yeast in gelatinous capsule |
|
|
_____ appears with a thick capsule with a clear halo within a dark background on India Ink
|
C neoformans
PAS, mucicarmine |
|
|
______ is mucicarmine/PAS+ in the virchow-robin perivascular space with SOAP-BUBBLE lesions
|
C neoformans
|
|
|
Where does a rare granulomatous arteritis occur in C neoformans?
|
Circle of Willis
|
|
|
_____ causes sinusitis, pneumonia, and invasive disease in neutropenic or corticosteroid recieiving patients. It is transmitted by inhalation of small 2-3um asexual *Conidia* which then form into *hypae* which invade tissues
|
Aspergillus fumigatus
|
|
|
In Aspergillosis, macrophages kill ____ while neutrophils kill _____
|
Conidia are killed by macrophages
Hyphae are killed by neutrophils |
|
|
_____ and ____ are ribotoxins of Aspergillus that inhibit host-cell protein synthesis by degrading mRNAs
|
Restrictocin and Mitogillin
|
|
|
______ is produced by aspergillus and leads to liver cancer in Africa
|
Alfatoxin
|
|
|
Patient with recurrent hemoptysis and brownish "Fungal Balls" in lung cavities
|
Aspergillus
|
|
|
Target Lesions?
|
Sharply delinateated, rounded, gray foci with hemorrhagic borders causing necrotizing pneumonia in Aspergillus infection
|
|
|
Characterstic appearance of Aspergillus on Silver Stain? (Gomori)
|
Acute (45 degree) hyphal branching
|
|
|
nonseptae irregularly wide (6-50um) fungal hyphae brancing at 90degree angles
Common Locations? RoT? Brain lesion of Diabetics related? |
Mucomycosis (Zygomycosis)
Lungs, Sinuses, (GI) Inhalation of "Bread mold fungi" Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis |
