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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the most important technique to decontaminate the stomach?
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Oral administration of activated charcoal
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What is the mechanism of action of activated charcoal?
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Activated charcoal has a very large surface area. It adsorbs the poison and prevents it from being absorbed or reabsorbed.
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How can we induce vomiting?
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With syrup of ipecac
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What is the mechanism of action of syrup of ipecac?
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It contains active ingredients like emetine and cephaeline, which are serotonin agonists. They stimulate the vomiting reflex.
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Describe whole bowel irrigation.
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Whole bowel irrigation involves administration of large volumes of an isosmotic macrogol (polyethyleneglycol) solution, which stimulates the washing out of the poison.
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What is the antidote for anticholinergics?
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Physostigmine
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What is the antidote for benzodiazepines?
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Flumenazil
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What is the antidote for coumarins?
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Vitamin K, fresh frozen plasma/prothrombin concentrate
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What is the antidote for digitalis glycosides?
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Digitalis antitoxin
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What is the antidote for isoniazid?
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Pyridoxine (vitamin B6)
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What is the antidote for opioids?
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Naloxone
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What is the antidote for paracetamol?
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N–acetylcysteine
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Which metal chelator is used for aluminium?
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Deferoxamine
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Which metal chelator is used for copper?
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Penicillamine
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Which metal chelator is used for iron?
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Deferoxamine
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What is the antidote for organophosphate poisoning?
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Atropine, pralidoxime, benzodiazepines
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What is the antidote for methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning?
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Fomepizole or ethanol
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What is the antidote for methaemoglobinaemia?
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Methylene blue
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What is the mechanism of ethanol and fomepizole as antidotes?
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Methanol is converted into formic acid by ADH and ALDH, and ethylene glycol is also converted into toxic metabolites by these enzymes.
Ethanol and fomepizole competitively inhibit ADH. |
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How can we increase the elimination of weak organic acids?
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Sodium bicarbonate infusion, which alkalinizes the urine.
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How can we increase the elimination of weak organic bases?
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Ammonium chloride infusion, which acidifies the urine.
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What can we use to interrupt the enterohepatic circulation of drugs?
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Oral administration of activated charcoal or cholestyramine.
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What is the supportive treatment of convulsions?
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Benzodiazepines, barbiturates
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What is the supportive treatment of agitation?
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Benzodiazepines, haloperidol
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What is the supportive treatment of anuria?
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Furosemide, dialysis
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What is the supportive treatment of opioid–induce paralytic bladder?
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Catheterization (to prevent bladder rupture)
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Name some drugs which can cause respiratory failure
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Opioids Sedative hypnotics (barbiturates) Ethanol Tricyclic antidepressants Antipsychotics
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Name some drugs which can cause circulatory failure, and by which mechanisms they do so
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- Cardiac failure (asystole, arrhythmia)
--Digitalis --Tricyclic antidepressants --Amphetamines - Loss of vascular tone --Barbiturates --Tricyclic antidepressants --Antipsychotics - Hypovolaemia Iron (GI ulceration) --Anticoagulants Arsenic (diarrhoea) |
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Name some of the drugs which are among the most frequent causes of drug-induced seizures
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Antidepressants (especially bupropion, tricyclics)
Isoniazid Antiepileptics Tramadol Antipsychotics Theophylline Drugs of abuse: - Cocaine - NMDA - Amphetamine |
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What are the most likely causes of coma of unknown origin?
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Hypoglycaemia
Cardiac arrest Opioid overdose Ethanol overdose Hyperglycaemia Hypoxaemia |
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"What are the components of the ""coma cocktail"", which should be given to comas of unknown origin?"
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Dextrose (D-glucose)
Naloxone Thiamine Oxygen |
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What is the drug treatment of cardiac arrest?
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Epinephrine
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The intoxication of which drugs can cause hypertension?
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Sympathomimetics:
- Amphetamine - Amphetamine derivatives - Cocaine - PCP |
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The intoxication of which drugs can cause hypotension?
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- Barbiturates
- Opioids - Beta blockers - α2-agonists - Calcium channel blockers - Tricyclic antidepressants |
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The intoxication of which drugs can cause tachycardia?
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Sympathomimetics:
- Amphetamine - Amphetamine derivatives - Cocaine Anticholinergics |
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The intoxication of which drugs can cause bradycardia?
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Opioids
Ethanol |
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The intoxication of which drugs can cause tachypnoea?
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Sympathomimetics:
- Amphetamine - Amphetamine derivatives - Cocaine Toxicants causing metabolic acidosis: - Aspirin - Isoniazid - Methanol - Ethylene glycol |
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The intoxication of which drugs can cause hypopnoea (shallow respiration)?
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Opioids α2-agonists
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The intoxication of which drugs can cause hyperthermia?
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Sympathomimetics:
- Amphetamine - Amphetamine derivatives - Cocaine Convulsive agents Anticholinergic drugs |
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The intoxication of which drugs can cause miosis?
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Opioids α2-agonists
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The intoxication of which drugs can cause mydriasis?
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Sympathomimetics:
- Amphetamines - Amphetamine derivatives - Cocaine LSD Atropine |
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The intoxication of which drugs can cause sweaty skin?
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Parasympathomimetics:
- Organophosphates - Nicotine Sympatholytics: - Amphetamines - Amphetamine derivatives - Cocaine |
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The intoxication of which drugs can cause dry skin?
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Parasympatholytics:
- Atropine - Tricyclic antidepressants |
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The intoxication of which drugs can cause increased anion gap metabolic acidosis?
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Aspirin
Isoniazid Methanol Ethylene glycol |
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The intoxication of which drugs can cause increased osmolar gap?
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Ethanol
Methanol Ethylene glycol |
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The intoxication of which drugs can cause hypokalaemia?
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K-losing diuretics
Theophylline β2 agonists |
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The intoxication of which drugs can cause hyperkalaemia?
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Beta blockers
Digitalis Lithium RAAS inhibitors |
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The intoxication of which drugs can cause long QT?
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Antiarrhythmics Tricyclic antidepressants Antipsychotics Macrolides Fluoroquinolones
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