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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an Aphasia?
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An acquired disturbance of language functions due to injury of the CNS
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Is an Aphasia always due to a problem with Broca's area?
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No - it can be ataxic speech due to problems with the cerebellum, or disarthria due to alcoholism
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What do all disorders of speech involve malfunction of?
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The MUSCLES of speech articulation.
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Mutism is what?
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The absence of speech, either due to a psychologic problem or neurologic problem.
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What is the common type of organic mutism?
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Akinetic mutism
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What is Akinetic Mutism thought to be?
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A failure of the brain to initiate the action of speech.
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What areas in the brain are responsible for Akinetic Mutism?
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Bilateral frontal or SMA
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What is Aphonia?
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The lack of ability to produce a vocal sound.
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What is Aphonia typically due to?
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Denervation of peripheral nerves to the vocal chords
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What is Aphemia?
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The lack of ability to ARTICULATE speech
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What CAN a subject with Aphemia do?
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Produce vocal sounds like grunts, groans, or song-like features.
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What is Aphemia caused by?
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Disconnection of the final output pathway for speech production due to a lesion in the white matter beneath Broca's area.
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What is the difference between SPEECH and LANGUAGE?
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Speech is like a motor function
Language has more limbic in it |
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What are the disorders of language?
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Aphasias
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What are the 3 dimensions of language?
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-Fluency
-Comprehension -Repetition |
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Which is the most useful dimension to focus on in diagnosing aphasias?
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Fluency
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Why is Fluency the most useful dimension to focus on in diagnosing aphasias?
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Because it can localize the brain dysfunction to anterior or posterior regions.
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Where do Nonfluent aphasias tend to occur?
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In anterior brain regions
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Where do Fluent aphasias tend to occur?
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In posterior brain regions
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What are the 3 dimensions used to evaluate fluency?
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1. Phrase length
2. Effortfulness 3. Prosody |
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What is considered disfluency in terms of phrase length?
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Less than 1-2 words per utterance
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What is prosody?
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The preservation of melodic elements in speech - is it dull and monotone, or lilting?
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What is the best way to evaluate fluency of speech?
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Ask the patient openended questions or ask them to describe a complex picture.
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What are the core language zones according to the Wernicke-Geschwind model?
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Surrounding the LATERAL FISSURE (of sylvius)
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What are the 2 main regions that make up the core language zones?
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Posterior: Wernicke's
Anterior: Broca's |
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Where exactly is Wernicke's area?
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In the posterior superior temporal gyrus
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What is Wernicke's area critical for?
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Speech comprehension - understanding the question
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Where exactly is Broca's area?
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In the posterior/inferior frontal lobe
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What is Broca's area critical for?
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Speech production - answering the question
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What is the band of white matter that connects Broca's and Wernicke's areas?
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The arcuate fasciculus
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What is the Arcuate Fasciculus critical for?
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Speech repetition
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What causes Global aphasia?
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Damage to both anterior and posterior areas of the core language zones
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What is preserved in transcortical aphasia?
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Repetition speech
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What lesions cause transcortical motor aphasia?
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Damage to premotor regions or SMA
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What causes Transcortical snesory aphasia?
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Damage to the Angular gyrus or posterior/inferior temporal lobe
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Do only areas in the periSylvian area contribute to linguistic functions?
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No
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What other areas of the brain contribute to linguistic functions?
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-Frontal
-Parietal -Temporal |
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Broca's Aphasia:
-What type of aphasia -What can't they do -Why |
-Nonfluent aphasia
-No repetition speech because -Can't articulate |
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Where is Broca's area?
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Inferior frontal lobe
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Wernicke's Aphasia:
-What type of aphasia -What can't they do -Why |
-Fluent aphasia
-No Repetition speech because -Can't comprehend/recognize |
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Conduction Aphasia:
-What type of aphasia -What can't they do -Why |
-Fluent aphasia
-No repetition speech because -Impaired auditory storage or maybe the Arcuate fasciculus |
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Transcortical Sensory Aphasia:
-What type of aphasia -What can't they do -Why |
-Fluent aphasia
-Repetition is PRESERVED!! -Language comprehension deficits at the word level |
