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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Important structures in temporal lobe |
- inferotemporal (visual) - insula (gustation + audio) - superior temporal sulcus - parahippocampal - temporal parietal junction (att, mem, language, soc) |
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Connections of the temporal lobe |
- sensory pathway (recogn) - dorsal pathway (directing move) - medial temporal projections (long term mem) - polymodal path (categorisation) - frontal lobe (move control, short term mem, affect) |
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Ventral stream |
Pathway from occipital to temporal lobe - neostriatal (habit + skill learning) - amygdala (emo) - nucleus accumbens (valence) - medial (long term mem) |
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Hippocampus function |
Organizing memory |
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Sensory processes in temporal lobe |
- categorising in inferotemporal - attention + crossmodal in STS - long term mem in paralimbic cortex |
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Functions of temporal lobe |
- sensory processing (ventral path) - affective responses (amygdala) - spatial navigation - biological motion (STS) - visual processing |
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Columns in the temporal lobe |
vertically aligned neurons in multiple layers of the cortex each representing a functional unit for processing specific features of sensory stimuli |
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Left visual field bias |
R temporal lobe has a bigger effect on facial processing |
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Symptoms of temporary lobe lesions |
- deficits auditory + speech perception - deficits visual perception - visual + auditory input selection - organidation + categorization - using visual info - memory impairment - affect and personality changes |
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Assessment of temporal functions |
- dichotic listening - Wechlers memory scale - Rey complex figure test - token test |
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antomical areas for language |
- Broca's + Wernicke's area - surroudning gyri - insula + planum temporale |
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Wernicke-Geschwind model |
comprehension of sound in Wernicke ->arcuate fasciculus ->articulate speech in Broca |
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dual language pathway |
connection from temporal to frontal by: - dorsal (phonological to articulation) - ventral (phonological to semantic info) |
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core language network (5) |
high level, speech perception, word recognition, articulation, cognitive control |
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paraphasia |
production unintended syllables, words, phrases |
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fluent aphasia |
having fluent speech but unable to comprehend and repeat |
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Wernicke's/ sensory aphasia |
inability to comprehend words and arrange coherent speech with sound categorisation, word salad and writing impairments |
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transcortical aphasia |
also called isolation syndrome in which the person is unable to speak spontaneously |
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conduction aphasia |
ability to speek but unable to repeat |
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amnesic/ anomic aphasia |
difficulty in finding names (noun OR verb) |
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nonfluent aphasia |
difficulties articulating but able to comprehend |
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Broca's/ expressive aphasia |
short phrases, long pauses, sound errors and grammar errors during speech |
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transcortical motor aphasia |
able to repeat but unable to produce spontaneously |
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Global aphasia |
Poor speech and poor language comprehension |
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Subcortical language areas |
Basal ganglia + thalamus |
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Emotion |
Cognitive process contributing to logical thinking |
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4 behavioral components of emotion |
- psychophysiology - distinctive motor behavior - self-reported cognition - unconscious behavior |
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Role of thalamus in emotion |
Activities cortex during autonomic arousal to direct emotion towards appropriate stimuli |
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Paper idea on emotion |
Limbic system with central role for hippocampus acting on the hypothalamus |
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Kluver-Bucy syndrome |
Likely based on damage of temporal lobe or amygdala that causes flattened effect, change in sexual behaviour and oral exploration |
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Anatomical structures for emotional behavior |
Limbic lobe and PFC |
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Emotional behavior circuit |
Mammillary of hypothalamus to anterior thalamus to cingulate cortex to hippocampus + amygdala + PFC |
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James appraisal theory |
Changes in the body and brain states are interpreted thus forming emotion |
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Damatio's somatic marker hypothesis |
somatic markers/ bodily sensations linked to emotions/past experiences signal likely outcomes of options that are processed in the vmPFC and influence decision-making |
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Goldstein asymmetry |
L lesion causes catastrophic reactions while R lesion causes indifference |
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Gionattio asymmetry |
R for automatic while L for cognitive control |
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spontaneous recovery |
repairing mechanisms involving cell genesis, axon growth ans synaptic modulation |
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effect of non-invasive brain stimulation |
influences the brain plasticity (reorganisation of networks) by modifying the brain's excitability |
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evidence for non-invasive brain stimulation |
combination of NIBS with speech and language therapy (online/offline) has good evidence with medium effect size (improvement + durable) |
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rTMS vs. tDCS |
rTMS has a medium effect with high evidence while tDCS has a small effect with low evidence rTMS is effective independent of chronic or subacute patients while tDCS only in chronic |
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phases of recovery |
acute: activation spared L subacute: activation language R chronic: re-shift L |
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study result emo facial expressions (Vaidya) |
VMF is moderately impaired in recognition of subtle disgust and more impaired in extreme emotions this is not caused by a different pattern in face fixation (gaze contigent or instructed viewing) but likely by interpretation |
