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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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According to the lectures, what are the three reasons we do statistics?
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don’t have access to the population of interest; measure the magnitude of an effect; test assumptions (3 marks)
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The collection of units to which we want to generalize a set of findings is known as a….
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population.
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A smaller collection of units from a population used to determine truths about the population is known as a…
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sample.
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In statistics, for what does p stand?
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probability
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Once you have obtained a statistically significant effect, and you have satisfied the assumptions associated with a statistic, what should you always do next?
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calculate effect size
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What is a standardized measure of the strength of association between two variables measured on an interval/ratio scale?
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Pearson correlation
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If larger values associated with one variable are associated with larger values of another variable, the correlation is said to be…
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positive
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If larger values associated with one variable are associated with smaller values of another variable, the correlation is said to be…
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negative |
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According to Cohen (1992), a small correlation is equal to…
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.10 |
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According to Cohen (1992), a medium correlation is equal to…
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.30 |
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According to Cohen (1992), a large correlation is equal to…
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.50 |
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The proportion of variance in one variable accounted for by another variable is known as the…
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coefficient of determination.
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To obtain the coefficient of determination, one must ____ a correlation coefficient.
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square |
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According to Cohen’s (1992) guidelines, a large correlation would imply that ____ of the variance in one variable is accounted for by another variable.
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25%
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An unstandardized version of the Pearson correlation is known as…
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Pearson covariance
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A Pearson correlation can take on any value between…
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-1.0 and 1.0
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A Pearson covariance can take on any value between…
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infinity and infinity
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The main disadvantage associated with the Pearson covariance is that it is…
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difficult to interpret
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A commonly used measure of association between two variables measured with ranks is the…
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Spearman correlation
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A commonly used measure of association between two variables when one or both are highly skewed is the…
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Spearman correlation
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The chances of rejecting the null hypothesis erroneously is known as…
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Type I error rate.
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In typical behavioral sciences research, what is the maximum specified acceptable rate of rejecting the null hypothesis falsely?
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5% (or .05)
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The chances of committing a Type I error across a series of statistical comparisons is known as…
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Familywise error rate
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Across three statistical analyses based on the same sample of data, the chances of rejecting the null hypothesis falsely is equal to…
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.143
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A statistic that tests multiple null hypotheses simultaneously is known as an _____ statistic.
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Omnibus
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What is the main benefit of conducting an omnibus statistic?
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Can help protect against committing a type 1 error.
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Although people use the term ‘Cohen’s d’, what they are really reporting in published papers is?
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Hedge’s g
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ANOVA stands for…
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Analysis of variance
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It’s called analysis of variance, rather than analysis of means, because…
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ANOVA is fundamentally based on the ratio of the variability between the means to the variability between individual observations.
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A statistic that can be used to test the hypothesis that three or more between group means are equal simultaneously is known as?
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Between groups ANOVA
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A statistic that can be used to test the hypothesis that three or more dependent means are equal simultaneously is known as…
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Repeated measures ANOVA
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What is the Cohen’s d formula?
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(Mean1 – Mean2) / [(SD1 + SD2)/2] (2 marks)
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The number of values that are free to vary with respect to a sums of squares term within an ANOVA table is known as…
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the degrees of freedom
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In a between groups ANOVA with three groups and equal sample sizes of 10 in each of the groups, the degrees of freedom are equal to…
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2, 27, 29
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Suppose you conducted a study where the main result was based on a between groups ANOVA with three groups and equal sample sizes of 10 in each of the groups. What two degrees of freedom would you report with the ANOVA results?
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2, 27 |
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Within the context of ANOVA, when you divide the sums of squares by the degrees of freedom you get the …
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Mean squares |
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Within the context of ANOVA, when you divided the between groups and within groups of mean squares values, you get…
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F-value |
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the statistical significance associated with an ANOVA is based on the obtained F-value and the…
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degrees of freedom |
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All other things equal, an ANOVA associated with greater within groups degrees of freedom will be associated with…
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greater statistical power
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In the context of between-groups ANOVA, the convention method of reporting the strength of effect is …
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Eta squared (or η2)
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Within the context of ANOVA, what is the eta squared formula?
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SSBetween/SSTotal
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Although eta squared is commonly reported as a measure of effect size, it is known to be an ____ at the population level.
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overestimate
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In the context of ANOVA, the most accurate estimate of effect size is known as…
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Omega squared |
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Calculate the F value associated with the below ANOVA table. The total sample size is 30.What is the F value?
ANOVA Summary Table: SSBetween 20, Within 95; df 2, ; MS , ; F |
2.84 |
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Statistical tests of the difference between means that is conducted after obtaining a statistically significant ANOVA are known as…
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Post-hoc tests
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Statistical tests such as post-hoc tests and planned comparisons are known as…
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Multiple comparison procedures
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What statistical analysis can be performed with the SPSS window below?
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Oneway between groups ANOVA
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In order to get SPSS to estimate eta squared, the ANOVA must be conducted within…
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The General Linear Model option
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If one obtains a statistically significant between groups ANOVA with only three groups, the most powerful post-hoc procedure that keeps the familywise error rate at .05 is… |
Fishers LSD |
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Strictly speaking, what are the five assumptions associated with the Between Groups ANOVA
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Random sampling; independence of observations; dependent variable measured on an interval/ratio scale; normally distributed data; homogeneity of variance (5 marks)
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ANOVA is robust to violations of normally distributed data, so long as skew and kurtosis are less than ____ and ____, respectively.
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|2| and |9|
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ANOVA is robust to violations of variance homogeneity, so long as the difference between the smallest and largest samples is not greater than ____ and the difference in the variances is not greater than ____ times.
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40%; 8
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If the variances between two groups is very substantially different and the sample sizes are substantially unequal, an attractive (i.e., robust) alternative to test the hypothesis of equal means is…
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Welch’s t-test
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If the difference between two or more variances is very substantial and the sample sizes are substantially unequal, an attractive (i.e., robust) alternative to test the hypothesis of equal means is…
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Brown-Forsythe F-test
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