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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What percent of the ocean makes up the intermediate layer?
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18%
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How is the temperate,salinity,and density in the intermediate layer?
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Temperature is low
Salinity is high Therefore, Density is high |
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In the intermediate layer, what does change in density control?
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Productivity ( amount of living organisms at different latitudes)
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What layer is found in the tropics?
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Surface layer, the warmest layer that stays warm year round
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What is the base of the food chain in the surface layer?
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Plants
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Why does tropical surface water have low productivity?
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there are very few micro organisms living in surface water,because nutrients must be brought up to the plants at surface but in the tropics, density constrast is year round so only serve storms bring nutrients up to the surface
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How is the temperature and density at the poles?
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Temperature is just above freezing from surface to bottom
there is very little density contrast |
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When is productivity the greatest at the poles?
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spring into summer because the poles are very light limited
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Where is the highest productivity?
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In the mid-latitudes (temperate zones)
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How is light absorbed in the ocean?
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At 1m, 55% of sunlight is already absorbed
At 10m, 84% is already absorbed At 100m, 99% of sunlight is already absored |
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What color dissapears right near the surface?
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Red
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What colors are still available at 100m
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blue and green
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What is it called when predators can produce lgiht chemically
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bio-luminescense
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What percent of the ocean makes up the deep zone?
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80%
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How do animals cope with the dark and cold conditions of the deep zone?
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They make light; they use it for a variety of purposes
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What do animals use their light for?
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seeing short distances in front of them
luring prey, scaring predators general communication attracting mates |
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How do animals cope with the pressure of th deep zone?
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They extract oxygen in a liquid form from the water, and since water is imcompressible, they don't suffer from the pressure
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When is pressure a problem in the deep zone?
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When you contain gases. Gases expand and compress quickly under changing pressures, gases will often dissolve and turn into liquid
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What do dissolved gases form?
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Bubbles
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What do dissolved gases cause in humans?
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The Bends, can be fatal, definitely painful
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What marine animals are designed to cope with dissolving gases?
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Marine animals that breathe air; mammals and reptiles
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2 ways that prey species use bio luminescnse to avoid being eaten
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They can let out flashes that confuses the attacker, who follow the flahses that are no longer in the preys body
They can scare there predators away with them |
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How much oxygen do marine mammals extract in each breath?
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4%-20%
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How do animals cope with the cold of the deep zone?
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Endothermy and Ectothermy
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What is endothermy
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warm bloodedness, these animals control body temp internally.
they use fat(blubber) to stay warm, and must eat 10 times more than ectotherms |
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What is ectothermy
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cold bloodedness, they regulate their body temp externally using outside environment
they use much less fuel, but may have difficultly becoming active if they don't warm up |
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3 ways to keep warm in the ocean
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1.) return to warm surface periodically
2.) maintain very slow metabolism and low activity level 3.) modified endothermy |
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What is oxygen generated by?
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Photosynthesis
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What is oxygen consumed by?
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Respiration and decomposition
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What is CO2 consumed by?
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Photosynthesis
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where does anoxia occur?
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along many shores and annually in some areas
ex. gulf of mexico |
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What is our anoxia primarily caused by?
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Excess sewage run off into the water
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When does anoxia occur?
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After successive rainstorms
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Where does deep water form?
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N. Atlantic
off Antartica |
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Where does water return to surface?
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N. Indian and N. Pacific
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How did the atmosphere used to be?
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The atmosphere was outgassed by volcanoes, and then modified by life (CO2 decrease, added O2+03)
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What is atmospheric pressure
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force w/ which air pushed on Earths surface
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How is the atmosphere when air is rising?
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Atmospheric pressures are low and conditions are wet (rain and snow)
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If Gulf Stream slows what will happen ?
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W. Europe will cool first then N. America
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How could global cooling be triggered?
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If enough snow and ice build up, this could reflect enough sunlight away from Earth
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What is a flood tide
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tide is rising
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what is an ebb tide
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tide is going out
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what is slack water
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tides are changing and there is very little water movement. This may be the only safe time to navigate in and out of the water
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What are tides caused by?
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The gravitational pull of the moon
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How many tides should each location experience a day
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2 high tides and 2 low tides each day
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How much later do tides arrive each day?
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50 minutes
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How many degrees does the moon move within 24 hours
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12 degrees
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What are normal surface waves generated by?
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wind
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What is constructive wave interference
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waves come together with same wave length, crests superimposed on crests, which amplifies wave form
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What is destructive interference?
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Waves of same wavelength come together out of phase crest superimposed on trough. if wave heights are equal, wave form is destroyed. if wave heights are unequal, wave form is diminished.
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What is mixed interference?
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waves of different wavelengths come together, sometimes crets will be superimposed on crests, sometimes on troughs. This can sometimes create isolated abnormally large waves in the open ocean
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what are rogue waves?
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abnormally large waves in the open ocean
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What are sponges?
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simplest multicellular animal
no symmetry no true tissues, organs, or systems |
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how do sponges get food
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strain food particles through their pores
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What are Chidarians?
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radical symmetry and stinging tendencies
ex: jellyfish, corals |
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Marine Worms
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Range from few mm to several
can make sick if we accidentally eat them in sushi. paracidic |
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Mollusks
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first group to evolve a true coelum (body cavity which cushions or protects major organs
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What are the three classes of mollusks
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Gastropods- all have a single coiled shell
Bivalves- twin shells (clam oysters, mussels, scallops) Cepharopods- all have tentacles and parrot like beak (Octopus, squids, chambered notolis) |
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Arthropods
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all have a segmented, articulated exoskeleton (like a suit of armor). But that shell does not grow- animal must periodically shed the shell, hide and then grow a bigger shell
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