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85 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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our culture is infused with concepts and so on from western European culture, political systems/philosophies can be traced back to western European/anglo roots, ideas of economy, etc.
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eurocentric
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adamantly opposed to co-education in secondary schools. Women are weaker and can’t handle it, and it might make boys effeminate. Curriculum for women should be focused on motherhood. Physics too much. Controversial dinner French ok. Latin is not.
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G. Stanley Hall
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Many men go off to war, so women get into more factory job. As soon as men come back, they lose those jobs. During the Depression, men are laid off at much higher rates. WWII- “Rosie the Riveter”
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WWI/Depression/WWII
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in the 1950's, as men return, you get books like _______ that argue that idea of education of women, independent women was a castration of men, and independent women were a conflict of terms
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Modern Women, the Lost Sex
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1955 White House conference argued
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argued structure and substance of women is domesticity
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Spin off of Civil Rights Movement, was the
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Women's Rights Movement
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anti-discrimination/segregation act under the Johnson administration.
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
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Title 6
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there is no discrimination in education
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Title 7
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sexual discrimination in employment is illegal
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Title 9
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rights for women in extracurricular activities
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early 70’s you get educational equity act, which provides
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federal funds for women in schools
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Clearly, opportunities are opening up for women in education, particularly
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professions
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1990’s – there are still problems. Particularly
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education issues.
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in 1991, by American Association of University Women (AAUW) group of female university professors called _______ there are a number of areas, particularly science and mathematics that women are not getting opportunities.
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shortchanging girls
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book- a husband and wife team, they did the girls in public schools and found there were all kinds of structural problems that worked against women in the schools. In elementary, girls were almost always ahead. In middle school and beyond, girls fell behind. Their concern was that when girls began to mature, the culture expected them to act in certain ways, one of them was not to be smart. Culture of the school – boys get preferential treatment. For example: questioning strategies- teachers would respond much more frequently to boys, they would prompt the boys more, ask more difficult questions -> atmosphere where good that boys were engaged, but girls were expected to stay quiet.
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Sadkers, Failing at Fairness
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created his own Institute. The institute produces all of these materials you can buy and use to solve the crisis for boys issue. He makes money off of it. One of the things in education is that to make money, you got to sell stuff. So one of the huge commercial fields in education is creating materials and selling it at schools. You should wonder when you see someone selling stuff based on their own research since there is a conflict of interests. People who want to sell stuff sometimes jump on bandwagons which push the crisis mentality even further.
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Gurrien (promotes idea there's a war on boys)
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says that it’s not that the boys are falling behind but that the girls are finally catching up. She also said there’s not really any gap between them.
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Mead
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Mead uses the _____ which is nicknamed "the nation's report card" to show things are evening out. She said in high school that some things start falling apart, but there are not big gaps, though there are some gaps. There are gaps within the boys, mainly SES and minority groups, saying we’re wasting all of this time on this fake issue and spending all of this time and energy now on a problem that doesn’t exist.
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NAEP
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high proportion of Hispanic students in spec. ed because ______
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IQ tests were in English
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- Just as women’s spun off afr. Amer. Rights, ________spun off women.
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disability rights movement
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What are the Four Orientations
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1. Humanist/Academic Traditionalist
2. Child Developmentalist 3. Social Efficiency 4. Social Meliorism |
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Charles Elliot is an example – prep for college is prep for life. Big advocates of traditional knowledge (science, math, etc.) , formal structures that convey knowledge, foster thinking/reasoning
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Humanist/Academic Traditionalist
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scientific study of childhood, focus is on the child, so curriculum should reflect the developmental stages of children and interests.
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Child Developmentalist
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Robert M. Hutchins quote : “I do not hold that general education should be limited to the classics of Greece and Rome. I do not believe that it is possible or desirable to insist that all students who should have a general education must study Greek and Latin. I do hold that tradition is important in education; that its primary purpose indeed, is to help the student understand the intellectual tradition in which he lives. I do not see how he can reach this understanding unless he understands the great books of the western world, beginning with Homer and coming down to our own day….These books contain what the race regards as the permanent, abiding contributions its intellect and imagination have made. They deal with fundamental questions….Do not suppose that in thus including the ancients in my course of study I am excluding the moderns…. Do not suppose, either, that because I have used as examples the great books in literature, philosophy and the social sciences, I am ignoring natural science. The great works in natural science and the great experiments must be a part, an important part, of general education.”
He supports which of the four orientations? |
Humanist/Academic Traditionalist
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Dewey is often associated with which group of the four orientations?
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Child Developmentalist
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one of the most famous child developmentalists is _________ who said “The center and nub of what is here advocated is that we start with the child as a growing and developing person and help him live and grow best; live now as a child, live richly, live well; and thus living, to increase his effective participation in surrounding social life so as to grow steadily into an ever more adequate member of the social whole.
Among the signs that this desirable living and consequent growth are being achieved, two seem especially significant. One is child happiness—for best work is interested work, and to be zestfully interested and reasonably successful is to be happy. The other, less obvious, but highly desirable is that what is done now shall itself continually sprout more of life, deeper insights bringing new suggestions with new desires to pursue them…. The newer curriculum here advocated is first of all actual living—all the living of the child for which the school accepts responsibility…. The school, as we say, exists precisely to foster good living in the children, the kind of living fit to be built into character…. The curriculum…is…built jointly by pupils and teacher, the teacher remaining in charge, but the pupils doing as much as they can. For these learn by their thinking and their decisions.” |
William Kirpatrick
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focus on adult life and adult roles, their central theme is vocation, which is why we get info on tracking. advocator: Franklin Bobbitt
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Social Efficiency
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“The central theory is simple. Human life, however varied, consists of the performance of specific activities. Education that prepares for life is one that prepares definitely and adequately for these specific activities. However numerous and diverse they may be for any social class, they can be discovered. This requires only that one go out into the world of affairs and discover the particulars of which these affairs consist. These will show the abilities, attitudes, habits, appreciations, and forms of knowledge that men need. These will be the objectives of the curriculum. They will be numerous, definite, and particularized. The curriculum will be that series of experiences which children and youth must have by way of attaining those objectives.”
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Bobbitt, Social Efficiency
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w/ Bobbitts quote, most modern elements exemplifying that are
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testing, tracking, "comprehensive high school"
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society needs many kinds of workers, _____ can help sort and select
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schools
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reformers, (social) “Reconstructionists”, which means they think society needs to be reconstructed and schools can contribute to social reform (distribution of wealth, social classes).
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Social Meliorism
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What national crisis made the social meliorist's argument that much more evident to them?
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the Depression
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Counts is an example of a (of the 4 orientations)
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Social Meliorist
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Critical Theorists, who believed that we need to make differences in schools tended to be interested in (3 things)
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racism, classism, sexism
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1.Studies in 1920's and 1930's made social meliorists aware of ____ in American Society.
2. Schools can be agencies of ____, ___ |
1. inequities
2. change, social reconstruction |
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focused on adolescent and adult/community needs
Reaction to it in 40’s and 50’s, and major issues came up with Sputnik, because other countries were getting ahead while we were doing lessons on how to be popular and date women. |
Life Adjustment Education (Sputnik made us aware of disservice to education done by it)
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A. The rapid pace of change during the '60's and into the '70's left many Americans alienated and suspicious.
Early 60’s –Early 70’s “open education” Mid 70’s – Era of Conservatism |
Doin great! Keep going!
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1. The 60's -early 70's focused on ____
2. Mid 70's changed to an ___ |
1. 60's-early 70's "open education"
2. Mid 70's changed to Era of Conservatism |
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In the mid 70's, many craved what they perceived as a ________ past and called for ___________
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more simple and stable past and called for the re-establishment of traditional American values
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is a reaction against the recent innovations that are aimed at developing the child in his totality rather than just in intellectual areas. Thus a school that goes Back to Basics may do away with open classrooms, individualization, independent studies, electives, and values clarification in an attempt to raise the level of reading, writing, and arithmetic. Your child will see the difference in a more teacher-centered classroom, in a lessened choice of curriculum, in fewer non-academic enrichment courses, in greater emphasis on performance and test scores. -- Mary Susan Miller (1977)
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Back To Basics
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1.Christian fundamentalists: sex education, "secular humanism" issues.
2.Academic Essentials and A Nation at Risk. 3.International competition, testing, accountability |
Back to Basics
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1. Cultural conservation
2. Academic traditionalists.. came together with Pres. _______ 1983 report of "A Nation At Risk" |
Pres. Reagan "A Nation at Risk"
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“a rising tide of mediocrity” – we need to make major changes in schools. Recommendations of the report need to be taken up by states. Increase credits needed for graduation, do something to address absenteeism, high standards even in sports, improve buildings, teacher salaries…. Very involved.
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Reagan's "A nation at risk"
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Our Nation is at risk. Our once unchallenged preeminence in commerce, industry, science, and technological innovation is being overtaken by competitors throughout the world. This report is concerned with only one of the many causes and dimensions of the problem, but it is the one that undergirds American prosperity, security, and civility. We report to the American people that while we can take justifiable pride in what our schools and colleges have historically accomplished and contributed to the United States and the well-being of its people, the educational foundations of our society are presently being eroded by a rising tide of mediocrity that threatens our very future as a Nation and a people. What was unimaginable a generation ago has begun to occur--others are matching and surpassing our educational attainments.
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A Nation At Risk
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1980's (many/few) states adopt recommendations of "a nation at risk"
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MANY
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SC-1984- “Education Improvement Act” – adopts a lot of the recommendations of a nat. @ risk. Funded by ___________
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by an increase in state sales tax. First increase in the sales tax. Very wide ranging bill. Recognized achieving and underachieving schools. Begin to see a reliance on testing.
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how many states adopted traits of "a nation at risk" by the mid 80's
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39
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1989-Annual Gov’s Conference – Charlottesville, VA
Bush Sr. and governor’s “Education 2000” called for ___________ |
standards and accountability
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1990’s – states adopt standards and accountability measures ________ developed by various national groups (prof. association in disciplines)
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national standards
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Standards in major academic areas
Tests for accountability In SC they were called PACT tests 3-8, Key H.S. courses EXIT Exam – HSAP |
SC 1998 "Education Accountability Act"
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piece of paper that say you have X amount of money to spend on education. Provides parents with a greater opportunity for choice. The public schools are a monopoly. If you move into a certain part of town, you will go to a certain school.
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vouchers
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vouchers (have/have not) been popular politically.
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have not. most attempts to adapt them on a broad scale have been defeated.
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freed from day-to-day picky rules, allows them to be more creative. Still have to take state tests.
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charter school
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(good place to start when talking about reform) – focuses on low SES and minorities (inner city schools)
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1998 Bennett
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Bennett talks about 2 strategies for reform
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1. standards and accountability (standards should be created and then you create tests based on those standards, and schools are held accountable that the students know. These are not standardized tests, not norm referenced tests.
2. Choice |
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When SC started talking a/b using tests for accountability, they included
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outlandish scoring goals
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-states were developing standards by the
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90's
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2001- NCLB- was really an extension of 1965
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1965 Elem. And 2ndary Ed Act- specifically Title 1
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One of the major concerns is how _____ are driving the curriculum
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-have to cover all the stuff on the tests don’t leave room for other things
- teachers are learning how to test more than anything else, which restricts what can be learned - quality of test? “one damn fact after another” – kids won’t learn over a longer period of time because it’s just bits and pieces to be regurgitated -cut-off scores are low - “cheating”/incredible focus – people were disparate - disaggregated scores -ESL, Spec Ed, Race – people under NCLB have to show that the students are progressing within these year to year |
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mostly from Lewis article) argument against vouchers
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: parents wouldn’t use it for the unacademic reasons, most have a geographical reason. –minority parents might not know how to find the information, didn’t address the problem but went around it. –parents of better students will make the bad schools even worse.
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fundamental problem is that public schools have to follow different things than private schools. teacher wages- Private schools don’t have to take spec. ed students.
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Lewis
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Budgetary issue related to vouchers
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comes from taxpayers who are already paying for public schools and are generally satisfied with it. Then chunks of taxpayers money would be going to the other non-public schools.
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teacher/student rights get pushed by the _____ amendment
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14th
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“…[W]e conclude that the interest of the school administration in limiting teachers’ opportunities to contribute to the public debate is not significantly greater than its interest in limiting a similar contribution by any member of the general public.”
-said violation of his free speech rights. The supreme court agreed. Pickering was merely acting as a citizen, and the school had no more rights to speak out about him speaking out as any other citizen. He was speaking out about funding and supervisors who weren’t his own supervisors. You can be a citizen and teacher at the same time. If it was his immediate supervisor, it would have been different because it would have been more public criticism of an immediate supervisor. They would have had to follow specific “grievance procedures” |
pickering vs. board of eduation of township high school
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w/ Vietnam, common to do silent protest. policy suspending student wearing black armband in protest of Vietnam found unconstitutional. His family sued saying violation of student free speech rights. In Supreme Court, agreed w/ parents and said school=too far. 1. Political speech gets special protection. 2. There was no evidence of disruption. Rights are limited, however, by the possibility of disruption of the educational process.
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Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District (1969
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you don’t lose speech rights, but in schools, they can be
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modified
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freedom of speech rights are connected with the ___ amendment
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first
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student Mathew Fraser gave speech at stud. Govt. assembly in front of student body. Fraser used an elaborate sexual metaphor. He sued for free speech rights. Sup. Court decided in favor of the school. administrators can suspend student using foul language.
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Bethel vs. Fraser (1986)
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*freedom of the press* -student paper staff felt like they had been censored, and they had. Supreme Court decided in favor of school because it was a part of the curriculum and curriculum is under decision of the principal/school administration. administrators can control content of school sponsored publications
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Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlemier (1988
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*access to information* conservative schoolboard- went to Sup. Court. Wording of sup court- “We hold that local school boards may not remove books from school library shelves simply because they dislike the ideas contained in those books and seek by their removal to prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion.”
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Board of Island Union Free School District v. Steven A. Pico (1982): *
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school's rights in regard to dress and grooming
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School may regulate so long as the regulation shows a relationship to the educational program or health and safety of students.
-very hard for families to beat schools on things like that. |
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Unreasonable Search and Seizure ____ amendment
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fourth
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Privacy Rights: Schools operate under “reasonable cause” as opposed to "probable cause". Reasonable cause means..
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(a lower standard: school official need only have a reasonable cause to believe the student possesses something illegal or harmful) as opposed to “probable cause.” Limitations have been imposed, however (e.g., nude search).
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Due process “requires, in connection with a suspension of 10 days or less, that the student be given oral or written notice of the charges against him and, if he denies them, an explanation of the evidence the authorities have and an opportunity to present his side of the story.”
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Goss vs. Lopez (1975)
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Cruel and unusual clause of eighth amendment does not apply to corporal punishment in the schools. Must be reasonable. Common law safeguards exist (civil or criminal proceedings).
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Ingraham vs. Wright
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The cases of Bethel vs. Fraser, Hazelwood School dist. vs. Kuhlemier, Board of Island Union Free School district vs. Steven A Pico deal with which Amendment?
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Freedom of Speech, Press First Amendment
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Unreasonable Search and Seizure aka clothing searches deal with which Amendment?
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Fourth Amendment
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Goss vs. Lopez deals with which two Amendments?
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Fifth, Fourteenth
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students victimized by sexual harassment and other forms of sexual discrimination can sue for monetary damages
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Franklin v. Gwinnett (1992)
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Ingraham v. Wright deals with which Amendment?
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Cruel and Unusual Punishment (8th amendment)
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Teachers are responsible for the safety of their students and can be held liable for damages under the following conditions:
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a. Teachers injure the student or do not protect the student from injury.
b. Teachers do not use due care. c. Teachers’ carelessness results in student injury. d. Students sustained provable injuries. |
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“It is the duty of the school to use ordinary care and to protect its students from injury resulting from the conduct of other students under circumstances where such conduct would reasonably have been foreseen and could have been prevented by the use of ordinary care.” -Minnesota Supreme Court
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under school liability
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other aspects of private lives: courts are increasingly reluctant to allow dismissal unless clear evidence that private actions interfere with ability to teach. Case law will consider:
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1) maturity level of pupils
2) does conduct have an adverse affect on pupils? 3) does conduct have an adverse affect on other teachers? |
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-gave example of a history book with a sex scene that parents were upset about. School supported teacher because they had followed guidelines prior to reading it. Courts would be asking this kind of question:
Three part test: Are the statements of the teacher or the material used in class |
a. appropriate to the age of the students?
b. related to the curriculum of the course? c. approved by other members of the profession? – most materials fall under guidelines. |
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Teachers
1. In relationship to administrators and school boards 2. Freedom of speech in classroom -gave example of a history book with a sex scene that parents were upset about. School supported teacher because they had |
followed guidelines prior to reading it.
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