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277 Cards in this Set
- Front
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what causes 2ndary photosensitization?
|
phylloerythrin, a metabolite of chlorophyll. normally exreted in bile. with liver damage it accumulates and is absorbed. UV light makes free radicals that "burn" the epidermis.
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what causes primary photosensitization?
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absorb photodynamic agent into circulation. reacts with UV light.
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list 3 primary photosensitizers?
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st. john's wort
buckwheat smartweed |
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T/F st. john's wort causes photosensitization directly and without the liver.
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true. hypericin is the chemical.
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T/F animals are susceptible to poison ivy/oak/sumac
what's the chemical? |
not really.
urushiol |
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which euphorbia really hurts cattle?
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e. esula (leafy spurge)
blisters on skin/mouth, salivation, diarrhea. |
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selenium:
-boundness -elimination -function in toxicity |
plasma protein bound
urine and expired air replaces S in AAs |
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garlicky odor to breath, depressed/anorexic and nasal discharge
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acute selenium deficiency
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"blind staggers", "bobtail", "alkali disease" are all names for what?
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chronic selenium deficiency
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how can you diagnose selenium ante and postmortem?
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ante = whole blood, urine, feed
post = liver/kidney/spleen |
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tx for selenium toxicity? 3 things.
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decontaminate
diuretic for pulmonary edema increase dietary protein |
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Describe the interaction between Mo, Cu and S
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increase Mo increases S conversion to sulfide in rumen. increased sulfide decreases copper absorption. Mo also promotes hepatic Cu excretion.
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who is most sensitive to Mo excess? what's the ideal Cu:Mo ratio?
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ruminants
4:1 to 10:1 |
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what type of hydrocarbon (structurally) are most dangerous?
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short chain volatiles
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what are 2 big systemic effects of petroleum distillate ORAL exposure?
|
inhalation pneumonia
vomit/diarrhea |
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tx dermal exposure to petroleum distillates
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flush with soap/detergent for 15 minutes.
emollents (lipid-containing creams) |
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tx for oral exposure to petroleum distillates
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DO NOT induce emesis
take rads symptomatic tx for aspiration: o2, abx and diuretics |
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what does turpentine (pine oil) do to skin?
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rubrifacient = warm red skin
intense pain too |
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turpentine metabolism
organ and result |
liver
converted to glucuronide (cats esp) |
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tx of turpentine
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NO EMESIS OR AC
bathe and rinse, emollient, pain management |
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why are Persistent organic Pollutants "persisent"?
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resistant to all bug degradation
not hydrolyzed by water low H20 solubility Lipophilic |
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what's the percent chlorine in Arochlor 1221?
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21%
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for those crazy-named chemicals, which do NOT act at the Ach receptor?
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non-coplanar
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hairy vetch
-toxic part -behavior and physical signs -tx |
SEEDS
-nervous signs like rabies. granulomatous DERMatitis -no real tx |
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what are 3 major sources of arsenic?
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ashes from treated wood
herbicides melarsamine (immiticide) |
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what 2 tissues does arsenic primary go to?
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liver and kidney
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which arsenic compounds are eliminated via the urine?
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methylated
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arsenic mechanism of action
-trivalent -pentavalent |
binds to sulfhydryl groups
pentavalent: uncouples oxidative phosphorylation (low ATP) |
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what are necropsy lesions of arsenic?
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marked GIT lesions. hyperemia, edema, shredded bloody terrible
when they're alive, causes rapid onset gastroenteritis |
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arsenic tx
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emetics and gastric lavage IF very early. AC too.
classic tx is BAL (metal chelator). |
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toxins that end in "in" are plant toxins that affect ________
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GIT
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lectins:
-mechanism -4 sources |
protein synth inhibitor
mistletoe locust castor + precatory bean |
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lectin tx (4)
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decontaminate + sucralfate + fluids + abx
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precatory beans
-danger -toxin |
1-2 can kill a kid! grows wild in florida.
teratogenic. severe GI upset, shock and death. abrin is the toxin |
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whats the toxic principle of castor beans?
|
ricin
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what's the toxin in robinia. who gets poisoned usually?
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robin is the toxin
horses that eat the bark! |
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fusarium (moldy corn):
toxin name and mechanism |
trichothecene mycotoxins
inhibit protein synth |
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"sick building syndrome" form wet wood and ducts is caused by what?
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stachybotrys atra
that black mold |
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how can you neutralize the toxins from black mold?
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bleach
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endotoxins
-what -2 major sources |
LPS component of membrane of bacT cell. released via LYSIS
e. coli and salmonella |
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exotoxins
-what -3 major sources |
proteins/enzymes from inside of cells. released WITHOUT LYSIS.
staph, clostridium, bacillus |
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NPK fertilizers
tx |
emesis for large ingestion
AC not useful |
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tx for expanding polyurethane adhesives
|
surgical removal usually
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acids
-what kind of necrosis? -what determines severity of damage? |
coagulative necrosis
concentration |
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alkalis
-what kind of necrosis -what determines damage severity? |
liquefactive necrosis
concentration, pH, viscosity etc |
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what's more penetrating, an acid or a base?
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base
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mechanism of:
-anionic/nonionic detergents -cationic detergents |
A/N = irritants
C = dissolve cell wall and systemically |
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when to decontaminate with corrosives, caustics and detergents?
|
NEVER NEVER NEVER
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3 tx for corrosives, caustics and detergents
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NPO
sucralfate slurry opioids |
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tx for ocular corrosives, caustics and detergents?
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irrigate and abx ointment
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in plants with CaOx, where do the crystals come from and when?
|
idioblasts when water enters during chewing
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tx for CaOx plant poisoning
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rinse mouth, give milk
diphenhydramine kaolin/pectin/sucralfate |
|
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clonidine:
source mechanism antidote |
antihypertensive, drug withdrawal, smoking stopper, ADD
a2 agonist atipamezol or yohimbine |
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CYANIDE:
other name and main form what metabolizes it |
prussic acid
cyanogenic glycoside (bound to sugar in plant) rhodanese |
|
|
main sources of cyanide glycosides
|
apple seeds
peach,cherry, plum pits cassava (food) must be boiled |
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how does cyanide kill a mofo?
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stops tissue utilization of oxygen! stops oxidative phosphorylation
binds iron. Fe3+ |
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cyanide lesions
|
bright, cherry red blood and MM
burnt almond smell of guts |
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cyanide tx and antidote EXAMMMM
|
oxygen
antidote is hydroxocobalamin! |
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how does carbon monoxide work? what's this oxyhemoglobin curve shift?
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binds Hb like crazy so O2 can't bind
LEFT shift in that curve |
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why are canaries used to detect CO?
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fast metabolic rate are super sensitive. also youngins.
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CO signs and tx
|
cherry red tissue/skin. note you CAN have permanent brain damage
tx with hyperbaric O2 |
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T/F we only worry about nitrates in ruminants
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true. horses a wee bit though.
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what do nitrates form?
|
methemoglobin
|
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nitrate/ite
sign and antidote |
brown blood
methylene blue! but you can't eat the aminal and it gives humans cancer. |
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3 results of NSAIDs (tylenol/acetaminophen) in cats?
|
hepatotox
nephrotox methemoglobinemia |
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NSAIDs tx
|
n-acetylcysteine
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mothballs/napthalene:
-who's sensitive and why |
CATS
napthalene gets glucuronidated which they CANT do |
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napthalene/mothball dx
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smell
RBC fragmentation methemoglobinemia |
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napthalene/mothball tx
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decontaminate
methylene blue too |
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what should you never ever use in cats as far as local anesthetics go in the mouth?
|
cetacaine/benzocaine
methemoglobinemia!!!!! |
|
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what happens if you give too much lidocaine?
|
seizures/methemoglobinemia!
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local anesthetic ointment tx
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feed bread, then emesis NOT with dibucaine though
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what's a source for methylene blue?
|
fishtank abx
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zinc mechanism
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inhibits -SH groups
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zinc clinical manifestation
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GI at first.....then HEMOLYSIS/anemia/icterus.........THIS gives us ARF
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3 big things for zinc
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PANCRATITIS
HEMOLYSIS ARF |
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zinc chelator action?
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NO. zinc drops fast so don't do it.
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propyl disulfide sources
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onions,garlic,chives,leeks shallots
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propyl disulfide mechanism
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free radicals! damage RBCs so you get hemolysis and heinz bodies.
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red maple:
main lesion how can you tell a red maple |
HEMOLYSIS pretty quick
red STEMS |
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red maple:
tx |
AC if early
fluids blood transfusion |
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ranunculus:
plant name 4 clinical effects |
buttercup
blistering inside and out swelling of muzzle hematuria |
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saponin
what is it 4 clinical signs |
detergent-like from plants. they dissolve cell membranes
transient ADR signs |
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holly
plant name chemical and function |
ilex
ilicin is a GI irritant |
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give 5 saponin-containing plants
|
holly
english ivy corn cockle bouncing bet pokeweed |
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what's the most potent part of pokeweed?
|
roots
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what's the characteristic feature of the Euphorbs. clinical signs?
|
poinsettia
usually mild. horses though get blistering and diarrhea |
|
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autumn crocus:
toxic principle MOA |
colchicine
inhibits mitotic spindle formation |
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how bad are poinsettias to eat?
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not too bad really. self limiting.
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cardiac glycosides:
mechanism of action |
inhibites Na-K ATPase -> increased intracellular Na. Na switched out with Ca. High intracellular Ca increases contractility. - fewer more forceful contractions
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cardiac glycosides:
3 clinical signs incl electrolytes tx |
arrhythmias, GI irritation, high K and low Na
emesis and AC digibind |
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whn will you see the effects of cardiac glycosides
|
6-8 hours
|
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list 5 sources of cardiac glycosides
|
foxglove (digitalis)
oleander digoxin lily-of-the-valley (convallarin) kalanchoe (bryotoxin) |
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|
where do bufo toad toxins come from?
|
parotid poison glands
|
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bufo toad toxin:
4 clinical signs |
hypersalivation
pawing at face seizures, stupor sinus arrhythmia/tachycardia/bradycardia |
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bufo toxin 2 tx
|
rinse out mouth!!!!!!!
emesis and repeated AC and retrieve the toad surgically if they ate it! |
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what is the toxic compound in rododendrons and azaleas?
|
grayanotoxins
|
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to what species are fireflies deady?
|
lizards
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how do grayanotoxins (rododendrons and azaleas) work?
|
bind sodium channels! prolonged depolarization.
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grayanotoxin signs and tx
|
bloat, tummy pain, teeth grinding. sinus arrest, head pressing, muscle tremors/convulsions
decontaminate and support |
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|
Japanese Yew
toxic principle and MOA |
taxine alkaloids
inhibits Na/Ca exchange across myocardial cells. this depresses cardiac depole and causes arrhythmias |
|
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taxine alkaloids:
signs |
sudden death!
anxiety, bradycardia, jug pulse |
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T/F taxine alkaloids are cardiac glycosides
|
FALSE. they act directly on myocyte ion channels.
|
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what are the cardio signs of white snakeroot (eupatorium) and what is the toxic principle?
|
tremetol
CHF, ECG changes ie arrhythmias |
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what happens to horses with white snakeroot? 2 big things
|
myocardial necrosis/fibrosis
leukoencephalomalacia |
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what species is super sensetive to ionophores (monensin)?
|
horses
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gossypol:
source result lesions |
cottonseed
CHF flabby and dilated heart w/ necrosis also white skeletal muscle |
|
|
albuterol:
MOA |
B2 agonist
increases cAMP - smooth muscle relaxation. increases skeletal muscle contraction with intracellular K shift. |
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albuterol clinical effects
|
hyperactive, depressed, tachycardia, muscle tremors
|
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what is more likely to give large exposure, aerosol or oral albuterol?
|
aerosol
|
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albuterol tx
|
decontaminate if tablet form.
supplement K propranolol |
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does albuterol cause tachycardia?
|
YES over 200bpm often
|
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MOA of H2S toxicosis
|
irritant. high levels directly paralyze the respiratory center
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nitrogen dioxide:
source where fx are exerted high risk ractors |
silo filling
alfalfa haylage and high nitrate plants lower airway b/c heavier than air |
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which toxicant has a latent phase that can come on several weeks later?
|
nitrogen dioxide
|
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what's the general MOA for sulfuryl fluoride fumigants?
|
fluoride binds Ca -> mad hypocalcemia= tetany, seizures, arrhythmias etc.
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sulfuryl fluoride:
source tx |
restricted use pesticides (house tents)
ventilate, diazepam, wash skin |
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where does ammonia have fx and why?
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URT b/c is very water soluble so reacts with MMs up top
|
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what species is susceptible to burnt teflon. signs?
|
birds
rocking, seizures, death |
|
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chloropicrin
-action -source |
tear gas
grain bins |
|
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paraquat:
source MOA signs for dermal vs. oral exposure |
herbicide
forms O2- radical = cell injury dermal: corneal ulcers, blisters etc. oral: GI pain, vomiting etc etc etc |
|
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paraquat
what NOT to give 1 drug |
captopril! can reduce pulm fibrosis
DO NOT GIVE OXYGEN!!!!!!!! |
|
|
avocado
toxic principle what part of plant? |
persin
all parts |
|
|
avocado
species susceptible 2 groups of signs |
horses, goats, cattle, rabbits, birds
mastitis in horses n goats heart/respiratory in the rest |
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what toxicant is associated with severe lung fibrosis?
|
paraquat
|
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what is "fog fever"?
|
acute boving pulmonary emphysema
abrupt change to lush forage w/ mucho tryptophan in the fall tryptophan -> 3-MI |
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besides lush pasture what other 3 things can cause ABPE?
|
corn (tryptophan)
purple mint (perilla) moldy sweet taters (4-ipomeanol) |
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what lung cells are killed and which proliferate with tryptophan "fog fever"?
|
clara cells and T1 pneumocytes die
T2 pneumocytes proliferate |
|
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bronchiolitis obliterans = ?
|
nitrogen dioxide.
|
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3 steps of chemical carcinogenesis
|
1) initiation: irreversible
2) promotion: "fixes" changes from initiation (reversible) 3) progression: tumor progresses to malignancy |
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what is the "key" step in chemical carcinogenesis?
|
initiation
|
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read through wallig's notes.
|
ok.
|
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_____ increases copper absorp
_____ decreases copper absorp |
monensin incr
Mo and S decrease |
|
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copper is stored where? what animals we talking about here?
|
liver mainly
sheep |
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what's odd about copper tox clinical signs in sheep?
|
usually seem normal until stress
dark red urine, icterus, hemoglobinemia |
|
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"gun metal blue" kidneys and swollen friable liver?
|
copper tox
|
|
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tx for copper tox in sheep?
|
usually futile if acute
ammonium tetrathiomolybdate |
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what dogs get copper tox and why?
|
bedlington, westies, skye: recessive trait
doberman: acquired |
|
|
copper tox signs in dogs
|
NO hemolytic crisis like in sheep
weight loss and anorexia (chronic unlike acute in sheep) |
|
|
dog liver pale brown and nodulur with fibrosis.
|
copper tox
|
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3 tx for dog copper tox
|
d-penicillamine (chelator)
trientine (chelator) zinc in diet (competes w/ copper) |
|
|
white/yellow sweet clover
-mechanism and animals |
fungal growth reacts with nontoxic coumarin to make dicoumarol (anticoagulant)
|
|
|
sweet clover:
-signs -tx |
hemorrhage
clean feed (alfalfa has VK) no stress transfusions |
|
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WARFarin means what
|
wisconsin alumni research foundation
|
|
|
how does dicoumarol and dcon and that shit work?
|
prevents vitamin K recycling
|
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what are the 4 VK dependent factors?
|
2 7 9 10
|
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how to dx anticoag rodenticides
|
monitor PT and/or PIVKA (protein induced by vit K absence)
at 48 and 72 hours |
|
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dog ate anticoag rodenticide but has no signs but it was a large dose or long PT. vhat to do?
|
starg VK1
|
|
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how should you give VK?
|
orally is best and with a fatty meal
|
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read the last 12 of the last lecture
|
ok
|
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panting, tachycardic, agitated dog. give it what?
|
ACE
not diazepam |
|
|
dog with very low potassium and high HR probably got into what?
|
albuterol inhaler
|
|
|
free roaming farm dog got into feed bins and is now paralyzed. hmmm.
|
monensin!
cardiac signs in horses paralysis in dogs |
|
|
treat oleander
|
AC and mineral oil
|
|
|
find a bunch of horses dead with internal bleeding and lung hemorrhage after an injection of a supplement. twas what?
|
selenium
|
|
|
what are 3 2ndary photosensitizers
|
pyrrolizidine alkaloids
lantana (alsike clover) aka trifolium |
|
|
primary photosensitizers
buckwheat TP SJW TP |
SJW = hypericin
buckwheat = fagopyrin |
|
|
poison oak/ivy/sumac aka toxicodendron aka rhus TP
|
urushiol
|
|
|
2 systemic fx of petroleum oral exposure
|
inhalation pneumonia
vomiting/diarrhea |
|
|
big NONO with petroleum distillates
|
NO emesis
|
|
|
big NONO w/ turpeneine/pine oil
|
NO emesis or AC
|
|
|
agent orange is what?
|
TCDD/dioxin
coplanar hydrocarbon |
|
|
hairy vetch big sign
|
rapidly progressing dermatitis
|
|
|
trivalent arsenic MOA
|
binds SH groups in kreb's cycle
|
|
|
pentavalent arsenic MOA
|
uncouples Ox phos
|
|
|
when should you use emesis with arsenic?
|
if very early
|
|
|
lectin MOA
|
protein synth inhibitors
|
|
|
trichothecene mycotoxin (fusarium) MOA
|
protein synth inhibitors
|
|
|
stachybotryotoxins (black mold) TP
|
trichothecene spores (protein synth inhibitor)
|
|
|
what's not useful with NPK fertilizers?
|
AC
|
|
|
anionic/nonionic MOA
|
irritant
|
|
|
cationic detergent MOA
|
dissolve cell wall/matrix
|
|
|
obviously no emesis or lavage with corrosives/caustics/detergents. but what about AC?
|
NO
|
|
|
chinese evergreen
elephants ear flamingo jack in the pulpit dumb cane philodendron peace lily all what? |
CaOx shooters
|
|
|
clonidine MOA and antidote
|
selective A2 agonist
atipamezol or yohimbine |
|
|
buttercup (ranunculus) TP
|
protoanemonin from ranunculin
|
|
|
triterpenoid saponins MOA
|
dissolve cell membranes
|
|
|
Holly (ilex) TP and MOA
|
ilicin
GI irritant |
|
|
english ivy
TP |
hederagenin (saponin detergent)
|
|
|
corn cockle TP
|
saponin
|
|
|
look up hairy vetch now
|
ok
|
|
|
pokeweed (phytolacca) 2 TPs
|
saponins and oxalates
|
|
|
dairy cattle fed green chop. next morning they have mad diarrhea, hypothermia and crappy milk.dx?
|
pokeweed
|
|
|
spurges (euphorbia) TP and MOA
|
diterpenoid euphorbol esters
activate protein kinase C. usually mild GI upset. |
|
|
snow on the mountain TP
|
diterpenoid euphorbol esters
|
|
|
crown of thorns TP
|
diterpenoid euphorbol esters
|
|
|
poinsettia TP
|
diterpenoid euphorbol esters.
|
|
|
mayapple TP and MOA
|
podophyllin
GI irritant |
|
|
hydrangea TP and MOA
|
hydrangin
cyanogenic glycoside |
|
|
daffodil/jonquil TP
|
narcissine, narcipoietin, lycorine
severe gastroenteritis |
|
|
hyacinth TP
|
CaOx
|
|
|
elderberry TP
|
cyanogenic glycoside
|
|
|
cardiac glycosides MOA
|
inhibit Na/K ATPase pump in cardiac muscle.
Ca influx into cell |
|
|
oleander TP
|
oleandrin (cardiac glycoside)
|
|
|
foxglove TP
|
digitalis (cardiac glycoside)
|
|
|
lily-of the valley TP
|
convallarin (cardiac glycoside)
|
|
|
kalanchoe TP
|
bryotoxin (cardiac glycoside)
|
|
|
cardiac glycoside emesis and AC?
|
yes REPEATED AC
|
|
|
bufo toads MOA
|
like cardiac glycosides
|
|
|
fireflies (photinus) TP
|
lucibufagens like cardiac glycosides
|
|
|
grayanotoxins MOA
|
bind Na channels
|
|
|
rhododendron TP
|
grayanotoxins
|
|
|
azalea TP
|
grayanotoxins
|
|
|
laurels TP
|
grayanotoxins
|
|
|
japanese pieris TP
|
grayanotoxins
|
|
|
japanese yew TP and MOA
|
taxine alkaloids
direct action on cardiac myocites depressing depolarization |
|
|
white snakeroot (eupatorium) TP
|
tremetol
|
|
|
albuterol MOA
|
adrenergic agonist (B2 selective)
with some B1 |
|
|
albuterol tachycardia tx
|
propranolol
|
|
|
Nitrogen dioxide MOA
|
forms nitric acid!
|
|
|
sulfuryl fluoride MOA
|
fluoride binds Ca
|
|
|
overheated teflon TP
|
PTFE
|
|
|
avocado TP
|
persin
|
|
|
paraquat TP and MOA
|
bipyridylium
accepts electron ->superoxide free radical which forms lipid peroxides |
|
|
paraquat medicine and big NONO
|
captopril if within an hour
DO NOT give oxygen |
|
|
fumonisin B1 does what in pigs?
|
pulmonary edema
|
|
|
moldy sweet potatoes TP
|
4-ipomeanol
|
|
|
perilla ketones MOA
|
toxic to T1 pneumocytes
|
|
|
cyanide
metabolism and result |
metabolized by rhodenese, forms thiocyanate
|
|
|
almonds, peach/apricot pits, cherry/apple seeds TP
|
cyanogenic glycosides
|
|
|
cyanide MOA
|
stops tissue utilization of O2
inhibits cytochrome C oxidase. binds iron. |
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cyanide antidote
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hydroxycobalamin
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nitrates TP
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methemoglobin
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nitrate/ite medicine
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methylene blue
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acetaminophen TP and antidote
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NAPQI
n-acetylcysteine |
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local anesthetics MOA
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bind Na channels
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how does methylene blue work?
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reduces metHb to Hb
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zinc MOA
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inhibits SH groups
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onions, garlic, chives, leeks etc TP and MOA
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propyl disulfide
makes oxygen free radicals |
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red maple (acer) MOA
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oxidizes and hemolysis
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copper tx in sheep
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ammonium tetrathiomolybdate
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copper tx in dogs
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d-penicillamine or trientine
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white/yellow sweet clovers TP and MOA
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coumarins
anticoagulant |
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zinc phosphide MOA
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phosphine gas in stomach which is a strong irritant
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zinc phosphide tx besides normal
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antacid
really want to decontaminate though. chelate too. |
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what is the penny cutoff for zinc issues? where else can zinc be found?
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AFTER 1982 is a problem
monopoly pieces, wire |
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zinc MOA and 3 results
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inhibits -SH groups:
-GI irritant (pancreatitis too!) -hemolysis -renal failure |
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how can you dx zinc antemortem
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serum zinc in a royal blue tube with rubber free syringes
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fumonisins:
MOA fx in horses and pigs |
inhibit sphinganine and it's buddy which messes up the lungs of pigs and the CNS of horses mainly. note cattle are resistant.
pigs get mad respiratory signs (pulmonary edema from HF!) horses get leukoencephalomalacia |
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astralagus and oxytropis (locoweed)
TP, MOA and fx |
swainsonine!!!! inhibits alpha and golgi-mannosidases which screws with oligosaccharides and glycoproteins blahblah. they accumulate
kills fetuses within 90d of pregnancy. HORSES mainly. |
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white snakeroot (eupatorium rugosum)
2 big systems it fx and in what species? |
CNS depression and ataxia
CHF and arrhythmias! horses. |
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tobacco:
2 big systems effected |
CNS (nic ag) and repro
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tobacco neuro and repro MOA and TP
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neuro - nic agonist so excitation
repro - anabasine (piperadine alkaloid) causes skeletal malformations and cleft palates. |
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poison hemlock (conium maculatum)
2 systems affected |
CNS and repro
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poison hemlock (conium)
TP and MOA for it's 2 systems |
piperidine alkaloids!
cause death from resp failure on the CNS tip..like tobacco are NM blockers that stop fetal movement in utero. |
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what species can't you use methylene blue in?
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kitties
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gossypol:
2 systems it works on |
repro (damages all things spermish)
cardio (affects K movement resulting in hypokalemia) |
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who is most sensitive to gossypol and why?
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monogastrics! ruminants can protein bind it but monogastrics can't
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2 actions of acetaminophen and why?
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methemoglobinemia and liver damage!
cats don't got glucuronyl-s-transferase so they get the methemoglobinemia dogs get liver necrosis |
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3 main actions of copper tox and the species?
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achromotrichia! (broken hair and hair discoloration)
liver damage and hemolytic crisis in sheep anorexia and weight loss in dogs |
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difference between dose and dosage
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dose = total amount in mg recieved by animal
dosage = amount of toxicant per unit of weight (mg/kg) |
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what chemical is St. John's Wort?
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MAOI
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what do MAOI's do?
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accumulate neuroactive amines in the CNS
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your dog eats mole/gopher bait. then starts vomiting blood, wheezing/dyspnic, has abdominal pain and tremors. what's the toxin here? what should you do ASAP?
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zinc oxide (turns into phosphine gas in stomach)
induce emesis and give some Maalox to increase stomach pH |
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besides being a strong irritant, what can phosphine gas also do?
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disrupt oxidative phosphorylation via blocking cytochrome C
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what's the onset time for locoism and who's at greatest risk?
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4-6 weeks
horses |
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which locoweed toxin causes dazed/docile, weakness, ataxia, tremors and "cracker heels"?
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nitrotoxins
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what locoweed toxin causes depression/blindness, maniacal behavior?
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swainsonine
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what does white snakeroot do? any lesions?
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gradual onset of CNS depression. horses sweat a lot
cardiac lesions in horses |
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even a minor exposure to acetominophen can cause what in dogs?
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KCS (dry eye)
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acetominophen onset dogs vs. cats
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cats several hours
dogs delayed 1-3d b/c it's not inherently toxic it's metabolites are |
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acetominophen liver action in dogs
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centrilobular necrosis
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to make ethanol solution for IV tx of ethylene glycol?
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x1/x2 = y1/y2
x1 = % ethanol solution wanted x1 = % ethanol available y1 = ml required (of avail ethanol) y2 = ml of total stock solution |
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so if you want 1 liter of 7% ethanol and you have some 80 proof vodka, how much are you gonna mix in?
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7%/40% = x mL / 1L fluids
175 mL discarded from the 1L fluid back and replaced with 175mL of vodka! |
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CHF, damage to sperm and germinal epithelium
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gossypol (cottonseed!)
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bile duct proliferation and lobular fibrosis along with 2ndary photosensitization
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alsike clover
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CHRONIC photosensitization, HUGE, orange swollen liver, ginormous gall bladder
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lantana!
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what plant causes hydrops and crooked lamb action?
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locoweeds
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tobacco medicine
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atropine
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how many grams in an ounce?
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28
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how many mls in a fluid oz?
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30
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a 1% solution is how many mg/mL?
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10
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convert ppm to mg/kg
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1ppm = 1mg/kg
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convert g/ton into ppm
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1 g/ton = 1.1ppm
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dose vs. dosage
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DOSE is an amount (mg)
dosage is the concentration (mg/kg) |
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how much forage on an acre?
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2 tons
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emesis in dogs vs. cats
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dogs get apo
cats get xylazine |
