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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The four major principles of growth
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CEPHALOCAUDAL
PROXIMODISTAL HIERARCHICAL INTEGRATION INDEPANDENCE OF SYSTEMS |
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GROWTH BEGINS WITH THE HEAD AND UPPER BODY AND THEN PROCEEDS TO THE REST OF BODY
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CEPHALOCAUDAL
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GROWTH PROCEEDS FROM THE CENTER OF THE BODY AND EXTENDS OUTWARD
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PROZIMODISTAL
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SIMPLE SKILLS DEVELOP INDEPENDENTLY AND ARE LATER INTEGRATED INTO MORE COMPLEX SKILLS
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HIERARCHICAL INTEGRATION
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DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF THE BODY GROW AT DIFFERENT RATES
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INDEPENDENCE OF SYSTEMS
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BASIC CELLS OF OF NERVOUS SYSTEM AND CONTAINS THE NUCLEUS
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NEURONS
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COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER CELLS
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NEURONS
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NEURONS IN INFANTS AT BIRTH
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100-200 BILLION NEURONS
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A CLUSTER OF FIBERS AT ONE END OF A NEURON THAT ALLOWS A CELL TO COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER CELLS
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DENDRITES
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PART OF A NEURON THAT CARRIES MESSAGES TO OTHER NEURONS
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AXON
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CHEMICAL MESSENGERS THAT TRAVEL ACROSS THE SYNAPSE BETWEEN NEURONS
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NEUROTRANSMITTERS
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A GAP BETWEEN NEURONS THAT IS CROSSED SUCH THAT MESSAGES CAN BE COMMUNICATED
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SYNAPSE
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FATTY SUBSTANCE THAT PROVIDES PROTECTION AND SPEEDS TRANSMISSION OF NERVE IMPULSES
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MYELIN
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THE UPPER LAYER OF THE BRAIN WHERE SOME NEURONS MOVE ACCORDING TO FUNCTION
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CEREBRAL CORTEX
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BRAIN DEVELOPMENT IS DETERMINED BY
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GENETIC FACTORS AND INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
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UNEXPLAINED DEATH OF A HEALTHY BABY
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SIDS
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SLEEPING ON STOMACH OR SIDES
BEING BOY BEING BLACK LOW BIRTHWEIGHT LOW APGAR SCORE MOM SMOKE DURING PG |
RISKS FOR SIDS
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basic reflexes present at birth are:
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ROOTING
STEPPING SWIMMING MORO BABINSKI STARTLE EYE BLINK SUCKING AND GAG |
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tendency to turn head toward things that touch its cheek; related to function of food intake
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ROOTING
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# movement of legs when held upright with feet touching floor; prepares for independent locomotion
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STEPPING
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tendency to paddle and kick when lying face down in water; related to function of avoiding danger
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SWIMMING
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arms of infant thrust outward and then appear to grasp something; similar to primates’ protection from falling
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MORO
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fans out toes in response to stroke on outside of foot; function unknown
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BABINSKI
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in response to noise, fling out arms, arch back and spread fingers; protection is the primary function
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STARTLE
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with exposure to light, rapidly open and shut eyes; function is to protect eye from exposure
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EYE-BLINK
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tendency to suck when lips are touched; related to function of food intake
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SUCKING
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reaction to clear the throat; related to function of prevention of choking
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GAG
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TWO MOTOR DEVELOPMENT MILESTONES
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GROSS MOTOR
FINE MOTOR |
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rolling over, grasping a rattle, sitting without support, standing while holding on, grasping with thumb and forefinger, standing alone well, walking well, building tower of two cubes, walking up steps, jumping in place
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GROSS MOTOR
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opens hand prominently, grasps rattle, grasps thumb and finger, holds crayon adaptively, builds tower of two cubes, places pegs in a board, imitates strokes on a paper, copies circle
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FINE MOTOR
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is related to the stimulation of the sense organs;
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SENSATION
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related to the interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli involving the sense organs and brain.
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PERCEPTION
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are relatively well-developed and allow them to explore and begin to make sense of their world.
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SENSORY
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at birth, infant cannot see anything beyond 20 feet that an adult with normal vision could see between 200 and 600 feet
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VISUAL PERCEPTION
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is the same as an adults;
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VISUAL ACUITY
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ACHIEVED AT 14 WEEKS
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BINOCULAR VISION
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s achieved between 6 and 14 months
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DEPTH PERCEPTION
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infants can hear at birth,
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AUDITORY PERCEPTION
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more sensitive to high and low pitched sounds than adults but less so to middle-range frequencies
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smell and taste: well-developed sense of smell and taste at birth
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to perception offers an integrative view of the sensory system explaining that there is some "cross-talk" between senses one month after birth
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The multimodal approach
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The Nervous System and Brain:
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The Foundations of INFANTS DEVELOPMENT
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2. As the infant's experience with the world increases, neurons that do not become interconnected become unnecessary and die off
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SYNAPTIC PRUNING
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is the degree to which a developing structure (e.g., the brain) or behavior is susceptible to experience and is relatively great for the brain.
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PLASTICITY
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OUR INBORN PHYSCIAL SKILLS
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BASIC REFLEXES
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UNLEARNED, ORGANIZED, INVOLUNTARY RESPONSES THAT OCCUR AUTOMATICALLY IN THE PRESENCE OF CERTAINSTIMULI
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REFLEXES
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WHAT HAS SURVIVAL VALUE FOR THE INFANT
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REFLEXES
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DO ALL REFLEXES STAY THROUGH OUT LIFE
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NO - SOME DISAPPEAR OVER TIME
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WHAT ARE LANDMARKS OF PHYSICAL ACHIEVEMENT
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MOTOR DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY
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INVOLVE THE USE OF LARGE BODILY MOVEMENTS
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GROSS MOTOR SKILLS
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INVOLVE THE USE OF SMALL BODILY MOVEMENTS
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FINE MOTOR SKILLS
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CRAWLING APPEARS
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8-10 MONTHS
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INFANTS CAN WALK HOLDING ON TO FURNITURE
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9 MONTHS
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MOST CAN WALK BY
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1 YEAR
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INFANTS CAN GRASP AN OBJECT AT
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11 MONTHS
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INFANTS CAN DRINK FROM A CUP WITHOUT SPILLING
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2 Y/O
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WHAT DEVELOPMENT FOLLOWS A SEQUENTIAL PATTERN IN WHICH SIMPLE SKILLS ARE COMBINED WITH MORE COMPLES ONES
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MOTOR SKILL DEVELOPMENT
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ARE VERY NEARSIGHTED
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NEWBORN INFANTS
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THE AVERAGE INFANTS' VISION IS 20/20
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6 MONTHS
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THE ABILITY TO COMBINE BOTH EYES VISION TO SEE DEPTH AND MOTION
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BINOCULAR VISION
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AN EXPERIMENTS THAT SHOWED THAT MOST INFANTS BETWEEN THE 6 AND 14 MONTHS WOULD NOT CRAWL OVER THE APPARENT CLIFF
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GIBSON VISUAL CLIFF
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WHAT DO INFANTS PREFER TO LOOK AT
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PATTERNS
COMPLEX STIMUI FACE |
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WHEN DO THEY AVE THE ABILITY TO HEAR
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BEGINS PRENATALLY
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WHAT ARE INFANTS MORE SENDITIVE TO THAN ADULTS?
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HIGH AND LOW FREQUENCIES BUT NOT MIDDLE RANGES
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PERMITS INFANTS TO DISCERN THE DIRECTION FROM WHICH A SOUND IS EMANATING
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SOUND LOCALIZATION
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INFANTS CAN DIFFERENTIATE WHAT?
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CHANGES IN MELODIES AND SOUNDS (REQUIREMENT FOR LANGUAGE AND KNOW THEIR MOTHERS'S VOCE FROM OTHER VOICES
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WHAT IS PRESENT A BIRTHIN REGUARDS TO SMELL AND TASTE?
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REACT TO UNPLEASANT TASTES AND SMELL
CAN DECTECT MON'S SMELL IF BREAST FED HAVE AN INNATE SWEET TOOTH |
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CAN INFANTS FEEL PAIN AT BIRTH
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YES
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MOST HIGHLY DEVELOP SENSORY SYSTEM IN A NEW BORN
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TOUCH
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WHAT CAN CALM AN INFANT DOWN
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RESPOND TO GENTLE MASSAGES
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