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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are metabolic equivalent (MET)? |
Unit used to estimate the metabolic cost of physical activity |
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1 MET equals what? |
Uptake of 3.5 ml of oxygen per kilogram of body weight per minute the body consumes 4-5 METS = ADLs |
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At rest, the body consumes about how much of oxygen per minute? |
200-250 ml |
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what activities are 1-2 METs? |
1. Sitting
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what activities are 2-3 METs? |
1. Keyboarding (typing) |
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what activities are 3-4 METs? |
1. Cleaning windows
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what activities are 4-5 METs? |
1. House painting ADLS= 5
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what activities are 5-6 METs? |
1. Shoveling light soil |
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what activities are 6-7 METs? |
1. Shoveling up to 10 pounds |
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what activities are 7-10+ METs? |
1. Jogging to rapid running |
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Calculation of age predicted maximum HR: |
220 - age: high degree of error associated with it, especially in younger & older adults
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what does 70-85% HR max correspond to in terms of VO2 max? |
60-80% VO2 max |
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what is karvonen's formula |
60%-80% (HR max - resting HR) + resting HR |
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what do anti-arrhytmic drugs do? |
control or prevent cardiac arrhythmias that can be fatal -dilantin -lidocaine -norpace -quinidine |
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lidocain, dilantin, norpace, quinidine -- what are they? |
anti-arrhythmic drugs |
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atropine is what? |
anti-cholinergic |
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how do atropine and other anticholinergic drugs work? |
inhibit acetylcholine at parasymp nerves, blocking vagal effects on SA and AV noes |
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side effects of anti-cholinergic drugs such as atropine |
1. palpitations 2. headache 3. restlessness 4. ataxia 5. dry mouth 6. blurred vision |
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what is atherosclerosis? |
thickening of the blood vessel wall from focal accumulation of lipids, platelets, monocytes, plaque and other debris -part of CAD that result in ischemia to the myocardium that can progress to injury and/or death |
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what do beta-adrenergic blocking agents (beta blockers) do? |
-decrease HR, BP, contractility, SV |
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what do calcium channel blockers do? |
vasodilate and relieve coronary artery spasm
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digitalis/digoxin - does what? |
slows HR |
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what is a heart block? what med is used? |
spread of electrical excitation to the heart is interrupted or slowed |
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what do the different heart failures causes? |
congestive heart failure if right heart is affected = peripheral edema if left heart is affected = pulmonary edema if severe = widespread edema |
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what is infarction? |
an area of necrotic tissue that results from a loss of blood supply to that area |
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what is ischemia? |
obstruction of circulation resulting in temporary deficiency of blood supplied to a certain area of the heart muscle. -usually causes pain in chest (angina) |
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what do lipoproteins do? |
proteins that carry fat in the blood for delivery to the cells |
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what are LDL associated with? |
arterial damage |
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what are HDL associated with? |
promote removal of cholesterol by the liver -engaging in moderate aerobic exercise may elevate HDL levels |
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what ratio is important for reducing risk of heart disease? |
LDL/HDL ratio |
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what are serum enzymes? |
appear in circulation following the death of cardiac muscle cells 1. creatine phosphate (CPK) 2. lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 3. serum glutamic oxalacetic trasaminase (SGOT)
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what does right coronary artery supply? |
1. R atrium 2. Right ventricle 3. AV node 4. SA node 5. IV septum 6. inferior wall of L ventricle |
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what could blockage of R coronary artery cause? |
arrhythmias that could be fatal
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what does the left coronary artery supply? |
anterior, superior, and lateral walls of left ventricle and IV septum |
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what could blockage of the L coronary aa cause? |
L ventricular failure which leads to pulmonary edema |
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what is angina pectoris |
pain in chest, jaw, or left arm secondary to temporary localized ischemia -women describe as crushing, discomfort, and pressing |
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what is angina pectoris brought on by? |
-smoking -emotional stress -exertion -extremes of temperature (usually cold) -overeating
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what is stable angina? |
-exertional angina occurring during exercise or activity -relieved with rest and/or nitroglycerin |
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what is unstable angina? |
coronary insufficiency at any time without any precipitating factors or exertion -chest pain increases in severity, frequency and duration -pain resistant to treatment -increases risk for MI or lethal arrhytmias -pain difficult to control |
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What is coronary artery disease? |
atherosclerotic disease that narrows the lumen of coronary arteris, resulting in ischemia to myocardium -imbalance of myocardial oxygen supply and demand -symptoms present when lumen is at least 70% occluded -clinical manisfestations: ischemia, infarction, sudden death, heart failure 3 clinical syndromes: angina pectoris, Myocardial infarction, and heart failure |
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what is cor pulmonale? |
Right ventricular heart failure or hypertrophy -due to disorders of lungs, pulmonary vessels or chest wall -lung pathology (e.g. chronic bronchitis or emphysema) produce pulmonary artery hypertension that creates a prblem for the right ventricle -produce jugular vein distention and peripheral edema |
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what is the pathophysiology of CHF? |
1. decr CO 2. inc End diastolic pressures (preload) 3. tachycardia 4 Contractile deficiency (decr SV and contractile force) 5. impaired ventricular function |
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what are signs and symptoms of Left heart failure? |
1. decr CO due to inability of L ventricle to pump 2. undue tachycardia 3. intolerance to cold 4. incr pulmonary aa pressures and pulmonary edema = dyspnea on exertion 5. orthopnea 6. fatigue 7. enlarged heart 8. paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea 9. cerebral hypoxia 10. S3 heart sound ,possibly S 4 |
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what are signs and symptoms of Right heart failure?
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1. reduced venous return to heart from systemic circulation due to failure of right ventricle 2. incr pulmonary aa pressures with peripheral edema 3. venous hypertension and stasis 4. weight gain 5. fullness in abdomen (ascites) 6. fatigue 7. jugular vein distension 8. right-sided S3 heart sound |
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what are the treatments for CHF? |
1. bed rest 2. diuretics 3. sodium restriction 4. measures to improve myocardial contractility and correction of arrhythmias
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what meds are used of CHF? |
digitalis (digoxin) Diuretics (Lasix)
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how is digitalis used for CHF? |
1. incr cardiac pumping ability 2. decr HR |
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what is an Myocardial Infarction? |
an ischemic myocardial necrosis usually resulting from abrupt reduction in coronary blood to the heart muscle |
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what are signs and symptoms of MI? |
1. deep visceral pain (thoracic pain for women) equal to aching or pressure radiating to jaw or lef arm -similar to angina pectoris but more severe and not improved with nitroglycerin 2. restlessness 3. diaphoretic 4. cool (excessive sweating) 5. pale |
