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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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observations
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natural phenomena
universally consistent ones = natural law |
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hypothesis
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tentative proposal to explain observation
(revise it if experiment doesn't support it) |
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experiment
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procedure to test hypo
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model / theory
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set of assumptions that explain data from multiple experiments
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scientific theory
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best current explanation for a phenomenon
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scientific model
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explains complicated phenomenon using items / pictures in place of the invisible processes that occur
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scientific law
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universal explanation of specific phenomena
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chemistry
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the study of MATTER
its PROPERTIES the CHANGES it undergoes & the ENERGY associated w those changes |
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matter
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something with MASS & VOLUME
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Mass
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measure of the quantity of matter
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weight
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measure of the gravitational force between 2 objects
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physical properties
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substance shows by itself (not interacting w another substance)
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chemical properties
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substance shows these as it
interacts with or transforms into another substance |
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examples of physical properties
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temperature
mass structure (ice = crystalline) color taste odor boiling pt freezing pt heat capacity hardness conductivity solubility density |
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examples of chemical properties
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getting rusty
burning tarnishing exploding is inert (doesn't react w anything) |
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physical change
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no change in type of atoms
no change in arrangement of atoms (ice melts sugar dissolves) |
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chemical change
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change in type of atoms
&/or change in arrangement of atoms (rust H + O = water!) |
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state of matter:
definite shape & volume |
solid
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state of matter
definite volume - no shape |
liquid
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state of matter
no definite volume - no shape (assumes volume / shape of container) |
gas
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element
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simplest type of substance
unique physical / chem properties only ONE type of atom can't be broken down |
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molecule
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2+ atoms bonded together
behaves as independent unit |
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compound
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substance of 2 + elements chemically combined
CO |
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mixture
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2 + elements / compounds that are physically intermingled
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chemical symbol
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the 1 or 2 letters to name the element
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substance
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fixed composition -- doesn't vary from sample to sample
(pure water) |
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mixtures
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composition varies from sample to sample
(sea water) |
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heterogeneous mixture
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1+ visible boundaries between components
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homogeneous mixture
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no visible boundaries
components are mixed as individual atoms / ions / molecules aka a SOLUTION |
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aqueous solution
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solution in water
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SI base unit for:
LENGTH |
m
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SI base unit for:
MASS |
kg
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SI base unit for:
TIME |
s
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SI Base unit for:
TEMP |
K
(*C + 273 = *K) |
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density
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Mass / Volume
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heat
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energy that flows from a warmer object to a cooler one
c, C, or Joule |
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law of mass conservation
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total mass of a substance doesn't change during a chem reaction
(reactant 1)+(reactant 2) = product mass x = mass x |
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law of definite composition
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a specific compound is composed of the same elements in specific fractions by mass
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law of multiple proportions
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elements can combine in more than one set of proportions -- 2 different compounds
(CO = carbon oxide CO2= carbone dioxide) |
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dalton's atomic theory
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* all matter consists of atoms
* atoms of an element can't change into an atom of another element * atoms of a given element have the same mass and are different from atoms of all other elements * compounds are created when atoms of different elements chemically combine in a specific ratio |
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dalton's atomic theory to explain conservation of mass
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atoms can't be created or destroyed
atoms can't be converted into other types of atoms atoms have a fixed mass so during a chem reaction -- they combine differently -- there is no mass change |
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dalton's atomic theory explaining definite composition
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atoms are combined to form compounds in specific ratios
each atom has a specific mass |
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dalton's atomic theory explaining multiple proportions
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atoms of an element have the same mass and atoms are indivisible
when different numbers of atoms of an element combine they do so in ratios of small whole numbers |
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atomic theory
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all matter is composed of atoms
atoms of one element can't be converted into atoms of another element all atoms of an element have the same number of protons and electrons --- isotopes = different number of neutrons compounds formed when 2 + elements chemically combine in a specific ratio |
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element
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simplest type of substance with unique physical / chemical properties
element = only one type of atom can't be broken down |
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atomic number of an element
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the number of protons in an atom of that element
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main group elements
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the two groups on the sides
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transition elements
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middle group
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non-metals color in table
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yellow
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characteristics of metals
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luster
good conductors of heat / electricity solid at room temp |
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characteristics of non-metals
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dull in appearance
poor conductors of heat / electricity |
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molecule
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a group of atoms chemically bonded together
* H = hydrogen atom * H2 = hydrogen molecule **some elements occur as molecules *H2 on table |
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what is chemistry?
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the study of matter and the changes it undergoes
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what is science?
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knowledge about our natural world and theories to explain that knowledge
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scientific law
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a statement to summarize large amts of scientific data
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theory
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best current explanations for a phenomena --- always tentative
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scientific model
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items to represent invisible processes
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matter
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anything that occupies space and has mass
makes up all material things |
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mass
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measure of the quantity of matter in an object
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weight
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measures force of gravity between 2 objects
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physical change
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an alteration in physical appearance of matter without changing chemical identity or chemical comp
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chemical change
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change in chemical identity
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SI base unit for mass
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kg
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SI base unit for length
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m
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SI base unit for volume
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m^3
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1 mL = 1 cm^3
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1 mL = 1 cm^3
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SI base unit for time
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s
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k -- kilo
exp equiv |
1 x 10^3
(1,000) |
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d -- deci
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1 x 10^-1
(.1) |
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c -- centi
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1 x 10^-2
(.01) |
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m -- milli
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1 x 10^-3
(.001) |
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micro [backwards y]
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1 x 10^-6
(.000 001) |
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n -- nano
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1 x 10^-9
(.000 000 001) |
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p -- pica
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1 x 10^-12
(.000 000 000 001) |
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density formula
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d = m/v
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C --> K
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K = C + 273
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