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181 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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us first news paper
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publick occurences written by benjhamin harris in boston
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boston news letter
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written by john campbell first american paper to last more than one issue
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seditious libel laws
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established in colonial america that made it illegal to criticize government, or its representatives
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mercantile press
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newpapers that provided news of business shipping
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federalists papers
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written by madison essays that explained the new federal government to early americans
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partisian press
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newspapersowned or supported by political parties
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editorial page
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section of newspapers reserved for the opiniof piece3s
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hard news
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stories about current events that have impact on people's lives
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feature news
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stories directed toward human interest and curiosity/ aka soft news
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penny press
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inexpensive, advertise supported newspapers that appeared int eh 1830s
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newsprint
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inexpensive paper used for newspapers
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news hole
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total amount of space in a newspaper that can be devoted to editorial content
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sensationalism
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use of exaggeratin and lurid elements to produce a startling effect
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objectivitiy
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writing style that separates fact from opinion
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byline
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a lien at the beginning of a enws story giving the atuhor's name
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inverted pyrmaid
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news style that packs most import info into first paragraph
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yellow journalism
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unprecedented sensationalism, reached peak in hearst pulitzer cirtculation wars
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tabloids
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newspapers characterized by a smaller size than a standard newspaper a single fold, abundant photographs
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cannons of journalism
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responsibility
freedom of the press independence sincerity, truthfulness, accuracy impartiality fair play decency |
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shoppers
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free distribution news papers consisting mostly of ads
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organizational papers
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newspapers published as part of an organizations communication with member
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alternative press
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provide a politicalls radical or just NOT mainstream views
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underground press
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alternative press in the sixties and seventies that passionately criticized cultural and political norms
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ethnic press
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made3 up of newpapers aimed at particualr ethnic groups
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chicano pressq
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part of hispanic american newspaper industry that targets mexican amercians
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publisher
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in print industries, the person who runs an individuals company and acts as its chief representative
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op ed page
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sectio0n of a paper "opposite the editorial page" reserved for siogned columns, oppinion pieces, and guest editorials
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the business staff
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advertising
production circulation |
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general assignment reporters
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journalists who can find and write stories in any area
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beat reporters
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journalists who find qan dwrite stories in a specialized area
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photo offset printing
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technique in which a photo negative transfers ink onto paper
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circulation dept
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the division of a print mnedia company that manages distribution and sales
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feature syndicates
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brokers for newspaper entertainment and specialty
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audit bureau of circulations
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an association that verifies newspapers and magazines distribution
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elite stage
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Newspapers, electronic (radio, TV) & Internet all started as appealing to elites
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popular stage
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Mass audience, with differences by medium
Newspapers local/regional audience Radio, TV developed national audience Internet mass appeal as medium, not specific channel(s) |
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specialized stage
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Today, radio mostly specialized
Radio in response to TV TV mix of mass & specialized Still largest source of news But more channels in growth of cable Newspapers in transition Audience, revenue in steady decline |
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possible effects of segmentation
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People choose news that fits their perspective
Selective exposure Less of a common perspective Fuel for political polarization? |
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audience segmentation
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TV’s popularity & radio segmentation
Cable’s popularity & TV segmentation Internet driving newspaper segmentation? |
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news values
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Impact
Timeliness Prominence Proximity Odd/bizarre Conflict |
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authoritarian model
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Top-down approach
Emerged with printing press Truth emerges from a few wise men Truth near center of power Rulers inform people what they should know Private ownership of press strictly controlled |
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libertarian model
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Bottom-up approach
Emerged in late 17th century Truth emerges from rational individuals In marketplace of ideas, free flow of information critical Search for truth is inalienable natural right of man Milton’s Areopagitica (1644) Free speech for individuals “Let [truth] & falsehood grapple” Belief in rationality |
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earliest examples of newspapers
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China 200 bc religious wisdom and gov decrees
roman empire- acta diurna 59 bc- info in public places aztecs of SA- paper banners in town square |
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role in commerce
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Handwritten Gazetta (Venice, 1550)
Printed version (Germany, 1609) Amsterdam (17th Century) |
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zenger case
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Wrote negatively of governor
Jury refused to convict Zenger Roots of First Amendment |
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morse's telegraph
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Opened modern communication
Eliminated geographic barriers Broader sources of information |
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theories of news
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authoritarian, libertarian
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newsreels
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short films dealing with current events, shown in movie theaters prior to the advent of television
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residual news
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stories about events that are recurrent or long lasting
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commentaries
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on air discussions about the news
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stringers
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independent journalists who are paid only for material used
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pseudo events
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happenings that would not have occurred if media were not there to record them
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documentary
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a long form recorded examination of a social problem r historical subject
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news on demand
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info that users can access whenever they want
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videotext
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an experimental system for delievering electronic newspapers to home via tv
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bulletin board services
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early online newsa services
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peg
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an angle that makes info interesting to audience
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satellite news gathering
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reporting the news iwht equipment that enables transmission via satellite
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electronic news gathering
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reporting that uses portable field e3quipment
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backpack journalists
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tv corresopondcents who work alone witha a laptop computer and a handheld camera inthe field
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traditional players in the news game
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anchors
correspondents producers consultants technical specialists the audience |
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creeping bias
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a subtle form of slanting that manifests itself in understated ways
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embedded journalists
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nonmilitary reporters attatched to a mi8litary unit
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prestige press
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Focus on empirical precision, advice of experts, application of factual info
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yellow journalism
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Distinguishing characteristics
Lurid headlines & pictures Sympathy for the underdog Reasons for popularity Audience of immigrants & women Encouraged literacy & American values Crusades against privileged & powerful interests |
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pulitzer's new york world
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Clamored for fair distribution of wealth
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william hearsts new york journal
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Turned struggling paper into competitor with Pulitzer
Used newspaper to promote his own political desires |
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pulitzer hearst and cuba....
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Both agitated for war against Spain
Battleship Maine explodes in Havana harbor (1898) Newspapers blame Spain Spanish-American War began days later |
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early investigative jsm
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Nellie Bly, Ida Wells-Barnett
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newsreels
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Short films with news, sports, human interest
Shown at movie theaters New installment each week Style adopted later by TV news |
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roots of radio
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Voice added to wireless (1906)
Government control during World War I First commercial station (1920) First network (AT&T, 1923) |
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first continuous programming
first reports of presidential elections |
1920
kdka *******! |
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ways newpaper industry fought against radio
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Stop writing about radio
Pose legal challenge |
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biltmore agreements
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CBS, NBC & newspapers
Limited newscasts to two 5-minute segments No morning, evening competition with newspapers No breaking news, no newscast sponsors Deal collapsed after one year Deal didn’t restrict commentaries Commentaries upon news increased Non-network radio not covered by deal |
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censorship of radio
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No live war reports
No weather forecasts Voluntary rules for broadcasters |
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murrow's "see it now "
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Took on Sen. McCarthy (1954)
Used McCarthy’s own words Followed by rebuttal Public support for Murrow Spelled end for both McCarthy censured by Senate Show soon canceled |
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walter cronkite
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Anchor at CBS 1962-1981
CBS first half-hour news show (1963) America’s “most trusted figure” Voice for key events: Death of JFK Moon landing |
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assassination, civil unrests of the 60s
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President Kennedy (1963)
Live coverage of Oswald’s killing Martin Luther King, Robert Kennedy (1968) Urban riots |
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aspects of the vietnam war and news coverage
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U.S.’s first TV war
Networks feared criticizing President Johnson Yet covered anti-war protests Aired stark footage from battlefields President lost credibility |
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60 mins
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Don Hewitt's idea
top rated news show for decades economic success: low costs adn high ratings, and most profitable program in network tv history |
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iran hostage crisis
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Followers of Ayatollah Khomeini seized the American Embassy
90 held hostage 442 days TV coverage Daily reminders of days hostages held Visuals of chanting mobs, burning flags Doomed Carter’s re-election bid |
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growth of cable tv
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Removes broadcast’s dominance
Cable News Network (1980) Big stories made CNN Challenger explosion (1986) Fall of Berlin Wall (1989) Gulf War (1991) Live coverage of bombing in Baghdad Controversy around Peter Arnett’s reporting OJ Simpson trial (1995) |
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news values, images, and terrorism
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Further goals of terrorists?
Create public fear, anxiety Affect political decisions |
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local news focus on violence... whats the quote!
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if it bleeds it leads
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packet switching
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sending digital messages in chunks through any open pathway, to be reassembled at their destination
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world wide web
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a simplified means of navigating the ibnternet based on hypertext links and graphical user interfaces
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graphical user interface
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set of browser features such as icons and hot spts that allow users to navigate websites eawsily
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uniform resource locator
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internet address that connects the user to a website on a particular computer
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java
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an advanced programming language used for animated images adn advanced sound apps
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streaming
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sending live video and broadcaasting over online apps
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web 2.0
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idea of a second generation internet that is highly participatory allowing users to improcve it as they use it
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mashup
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online participation in which users combine material and add to the app as they use it
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cloud computing
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using online software apps rather than tools and info housed on a pc
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distance learning
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taking classes at locatinos other than a school facility
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MMORPG
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massively multiplayer online role playing games
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spyware
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programs that track internet users activity and report it back to advertisers
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portals
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sites from which users begin their web surfing
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e-commerce
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selling of g0ods and services online
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hacker
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one who uses programming skills to gain illegal acces to comp files
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phishing
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sending fake emails to get victims to reveal sensitive info
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cookie
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a file placed on a computer hard druive that enables that computer to be tracked
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internet technological determinism
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Plurality of voices
Minimal role of gatekeeper Vast supply of information Immediacy Create & maintain relationships |
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reasons for internet lack of trust
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No gatekeepers means no quality control
Rumors & errors proliferate Deviant subcultures can flourish Isolationism & individualism |
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first computer
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abacus 3000bc- counting aid
babbage's difference engine1823- elemeents of computer but not manufactured |
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birth of dig. tech 1940s
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Electric computers
Huge computers for military during WW II Transistors (1947-48) Integrated circuits (1959) Silicon chips (1970s) |
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bill gates
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Learned to program as child
With Paul Allen, pitched idea to manufacturer of Altair 8800 By 1976, had formed Micro-Soft Supplied IBM, among others First retail version of Windows (1985) |
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arpanet
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Development started in 1960s
Military, scientific users linked First connections (1969) Four nodes in 1969, 40 in 1973, 213 in 1981 |
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USENET
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Invented by civilian researchers
Included discussion, news groups |
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who created the world wide web
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tim berners lee
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aspects of AOL
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Dialup service
User-friendly software Discussion groups & chatrooms Dominated for a decade |
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cybersquatting
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Buy name, sell to company
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wikis
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Open editing, contribution
Wikipedia English has 2m entries Criticism about accuracy, viewpoints Conservapedia as response? |
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www
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Open access
U.S. – Half of all traffic Other Western countries most of remainder Legislation in U.S. Laws banning indecent material Overturned by courts Law requires filters in public libraries Some countries limit Internet access China has giant system of filtering, monitoring “Great Firewall of China” |
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combattingh internet congestion
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Multi-tiered Internet
Carriers would separate by users Charges higher fees to some locations Net neutrality Argument that all material on Internet should be treated equally Possible federal legislation |
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public relatins
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all the activities that maintain a beneficial relationship between an org adn irts various publics
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integrated marketing
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public relations and advertising working together
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internal publics
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public relations term for groups inside the client's organization
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external publics
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public relation term for groups outside the client's organization
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press agents
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people who work to generate publicity for a client
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first amendment s
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freedom of religion speech press assembly adn petition
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deregulation
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repeal of gov rules and regs
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three primary areas of privacy invasion
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private facts, intrusion appropriation
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appropriation
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using an individuals image or name witout permission for commercial purposes
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libel
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published or broadcasted defamation
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4 primary defenses against charges of libel
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truth
the times rule privelege] fair comment |
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actual malice
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reckless disregarded for the truth of published defamatory info
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first sale doctrine
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doctrine that allows purchasers of a copyrightted work to resell it or rent it
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fair use
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doctrine that allows the copying of a portion of a work for mnon commercial use
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trademark
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word symbol or device3 that identifies a seller's goods
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sunshine laws
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laws that ensure that public meetings are conducted in the open
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shield laws
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laws designed to ensure confidentiality of news sources
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artistic speech
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creative work such as painting dance and literature
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gag order
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judi8cial commant not to speak about a trial
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sequestering
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isolating members of a jury
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admontiion
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judge warning to jurors to consider only evidence in the court room
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authoritarian press model
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Truth centered near power
Truth from a few wise men in position to guide & direct their fellows Press as servant of state Used to inform masses what they should know System around world since printing press |
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libertarian press model
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Bottom-up
Truth from individuals Rational beings discern between truth & falsehood Search for truth as inalienable natural right Press as autonomous Help inform masses of wide range of ideas Emerged 17th century Milton (marketplace of ideas), Locke, Mill |
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recent charges in media law
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Under Espionage Act of 1917
Two Israeli lobbyists indicted in 2005 Charges dropped in May 2009 Treason (U.S. Constitution) Adam Gadahn (Azzam the American) Made videos for al-Qaeda Charged by US in 2006 |
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incitement law
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Advocacy is protected, incitement is not
Immediacy & likelihood matter |
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gov issues with publications
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Allowed: Troop movements (1931)
Disallowed: Pentagon Papers (1971) Government cannot censor historical documents about Vietnam War Allowed: Progressive (1979) Government can censor magazine article about how to build an H-bomb |
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elements of libel
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id
publication falsity |
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fairness doctrine 1949-87
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Must devote time to public issues
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equal opp doctrine
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same opportunity for all candidates
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fox v fcc
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Upheld FCC authority to fine for “fleeting expletives
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fox vs fcc 2012
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fcc cannot retrospectively fine
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free press and fair trial is an example of a conflict between which two conflicts
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the 5th and 6th... free expression and fair trial respectively
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hoaxes
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purposeful deceptions of eth public
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blacklisting
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practic of keeping a particuylar type of person from working in media and other industries
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absolutist ethics
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postion from which there is a clear cut right or wrong responses for every eethical decision
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prescriptive code3s
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guidelines that stipulate specific behaviors to be followed
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proscriptive codes
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guidelines that stress the things that should not be done
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two sourxce rule q
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common newspapers rule stating that nothing should be published as fact unless at least two sources confirm it
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categorical imperative
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immanuel kant's term for ethical guyideline to look for princeiples that will hold true in all sitches
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veil of ignorance
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john rawls term associaterd with the idea that ethical behaviuor is possible only if everyone is treated equally
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sitch ethics
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principle that etical choices can vbe mad e according to the stitch sithout a rigic adherence to set rules
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relativistic ethics
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another name for situation
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golden mean
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aristotle's term for describing ethical behavior as a mdipoint between extremes
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utilitarian principle
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J stu mill's idea that actions are ethical only if they lead to greatest good for most p[eople
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machiavellian ethics
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idea that end justify means
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enlightebned self interest
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theory that holds that doing what is right for yourself will probbs be right for others
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pool cameras
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one camera crew shared by several tv news orgz
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media circus
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chaos that results when crowds of journalists descend on the scene of news event
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checkbook jsm
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paying news sources for their stories
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standards and practices depts
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depts at tv networks that oversee the ethics of programming
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ombudsperson
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staff member whose job it is to over seemedia employees' ethuical behavior
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news councils
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independent agencies whose mission is to objectively montior media performance
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citizens' groups
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associations mad up of members of public to exert influence, such as on the media
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ethics
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Doing what is right (“should”)
Concerned with moral choice, good values Ethos (Greek): Customs, traditions or character that guide a group or culture |
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fear of early print
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Church leaders objected to first Bibles
Royalty saw material as threat to power |
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what was horace greeley famous for
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his ruthlessness in promoting their clauses
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radio doc of the 1920s
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Gave health advice despite
no medical degree |
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janet cooke scandal
jason blair steven glass |
Fabricated stories about 8-year-old heroin addict
Numerous stories with plagiarism, fabrication Several fabricated stories |
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prescriptive codes
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Stipulate specific behaviors to be followed.
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proscriptive codes
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stress what shoud nto be done
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joseph fletcher
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Moral quality of action varies by situation
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what is truth in accuracy and fairness
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Artistic vs. historic truth
Docudramas Metaphors & “larger” truth Fiction vs. facts Advertising’s depiction of reality Photography Altering photos easier with new technology |
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conflicts of interest
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failure to reveal connexctions (sources)
free goods- free meals adn trips in exchange fior positive treatment |
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anonymity
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OK if story is important?
Downsides of anonymity Audiences skeptical, story less credible New York Times: Anonymity is exception, not routine Editor needs to know anonymous source’s name Explain to readers why source is anonymous |
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accountability
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To employers and supervisors
Ombudsman to oversee other employee’s ethical behavior, answer reader complaints Professional codes of conduct Society of Professional Journalists: Seek the truth & report it Minimize harm Act independently Be accountable (to audience, each other) |
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news councils
to citizens' groups citizen watchdogs |
News councils
Independent groups monitor media coverage To citizens’ groups Associations try to influence media Citizen watchdogs Dan Rather & G.W. Bush story |
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3 dimensions of media ethics
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Accuracy & fairness
Behavior of media workers Conflicts of interest |
