1St Semester A&p Lecture Final Exam

Front 1

Muscles transform Chemical Energy (ATP) into...

Back 1

Directed Mechanical Enery

Front 2

Excitability

Back 2

The ability to receive and respond to a stimulus
(stimulus is usually a chemical)

Front 3

Contractility

Back 3

The ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated- this sets muscle apart from all other tissues

Front 4

Extensibility

Back 4

ability to be stretched or extended

Front 5

Elasticity

Back 5

the ability of a muscle fiber to recoil and resume length after being stretched

Front 6

Functional Characteristics of muscle tissue

Back 6

Excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity

Front 7

Muscle Functions/Properties of Homeostasis

Back 7

Produce movement, maintain posture, stabilize joints, generate heat

Front 8

Thick filaments contain

Back 8

bundled myosin molecules

Front 9

thin filaments contain

Back 9

actin molecules

Front 10

elastic filaments do this

Back 10

maintain the organization of the A band

Front 11

muscle metabolic waste is removed by

Back 11

veins

Front 12

each muscle fiber is surrounded by

Back 12

endomysium

Front 13

easch fascicle is surrounded by

Back 13

perimysium

Front 14

the entire muscle is surrounded by

Back 14

epimysium

Front 15

what joins muscles to bones?

Back 15

tendons

Front 16

series elastic components are...

Back 16

connective tissue sheaths

Front 17

indirect attachments are more common why?

Back 17

durability
small size
cross rough bony projections
can pass over a joint
conserve space

Front 18

the plasma membrane of a muscle cell

Back 18

sarcolemma

Front 19

I band contains

Back 19

thin filaments only

Front 20

H zone contains

Back 20

thick filaments only

Front 21

M line contains

Back 21

thick filaments linked by accessory proteins

Front 22

outer edge of A band contains

Back 22

thick and thin filaments overlap

Front 23

cytoplasm of muscular fiber

Back 23

sarcoplasm

Front 24

sarcoplasm contains glycosomes which are

Back 24

granules of stored glycogen

Front 25

myoglobin is

Back 25

red pigment that stores oxygen

Front 26

functional unit of skeletal muscle

Back 26

sarcomere

Front 27

this links the think and thick filaments together

Back 27

globular heads

Front 28

what splits atp?

Back 28

ATPase enzymes

Front 29

What does tropomysosin do?

Back 29

reinforces actin filaments

Front 30

when tropomyosin is relaxed, does mysoin bind?

Back 30

NO

Front 31

Elastin is composed of

Back 31

Titin

Front 32

2 functions of Titin (elastic filament)

Back 32

holds hick filaments in place
assists the muscle cell to spring back into shape

Front 33

as titin uncoils, it does this

Back 33

stiffens which helps excessive stretching

Front 34

dystrophin does this

Back 34

links think filaments to intergral proteins of the sarcolemma

Front 35

Major role of sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back 35

regulate intracellular levels of ionic calcium
stores calcium and releases it on demand

Front 36

A triad is composed of

Back 36

a t-tubule and 2 terminal cisternae

Front 37

sliding filament theory of contraction states

Back 37

thin filaments slide past thick ones so that actin and myosin filaments overlap

Front 38

during contraction, what happens to the H zones?

Back 38

they disappear

Front 39

symptoms of myasthenia gravis include...
(and what is is caused by?)

Back 39

drooping eyelids, difficulty swallowing and talking, muscle weakness.
caused by shortage of Ach receptors

Front 40

the sarcolemma is negative, which means it is...

Back 40

polarized

Front 41

why is the contraction phase longer than the AP itself?

Back 41

active transport of calcium back into the SR takes longer than its release

Front 42

excitation-contraction (EC) coupling is...

Back 42

sequence of events by which transmission of AP along the sarcolemma leads to sliding of myofilaments

Front 43

E-C coupling happens when?

Back 43

during latent period

Front 44

the binding of what causes the myosin head to detach from the actin?

Back 44

ATP

Front 45

Rigor Mortis is..

Back 45

stiffening of muscles after death, shows cross bridge detachment is ATP driven

Front 46

if muscle tension develops but load is not moved...

Back 46

isometric

Front 47

if muscle tension developed overcomes load and muscle shortening occurs...

Back 47

isotonic

Front 48

a motor unit consists of

Back 48

a motor neuron and all the muscle cells it innervates

Front 49

muscle twitch is...

Back 49

the response of a motor unit to a single AP of its motor neuron

Front 50

phases of twitch myogram...

Back 50

latent period
period of contraction
period of relaxation

Front 51

graded muscle responses are

Back 51

variations in the degree of muscle contraction by changing either the frequency or strength of the stimulus

Front 52

prolonged tetanus leads to

Back 52

muscle fatigue

Front 53

muscle fatigue is

Back 53

muscle is unable to contract and tension drops to 0

Front 54

the recruitment process is dictated by

Back 54

the size of muscle fibers

Front 55

treppe is

Back 55

the pattern shown for muscles warming up

stairs

Front 56

muscle tone is

Back 56

low levels of contractile activity in relaxed muscle

keeps muscle healthy and ready to react

Front 57

concentric contraction

Back 57

isotonic in which the muscle shortens and does work

Front 58

eccentric contraction

Back 58

muscle generates force as it lengthens (50% more forceful than concentric contractions)

Front 59

Name the 3 ways ATP is generated

Back 59

creatine phosphate
anaerobic pathway (glycolysis)
aerobic respiration

Front 60

direct phosphorylation
(energy source, product, duration, oxygen used?)

Back 60

energy source: creatine phosphate (cp)
product: 1 ATP, Creatine
Duration: 15 seconds
no oxygen used

Front 61

anaerobic (glycolysis)
(energy source, product, duration, oxygen used?)

Back 61

energy source: glucose
product: 2ATP, lactic acid
duration: 30-60 seconds
no oxygen used

Front 62

aerobic
(energy source, products, duration, oxygen used?)

Back 62

energy source: glucose, pyrovic acid, free fatty tissue from adipose tissue, amino acids from protein catabolism
products: 38 ATP, CO2, H2O
duration: hours
oxygen used

Front 63

what % ATP used for muscle activity comes from aerobic?

Back 63

95%

Front 64

muscle fatigue

Back 64

state of physiological inability to contract

Front 65

contracture

Back 65

lack of ATP
ex: writers cramp

Front 66

oxygen debt

Back 66

extra amount of oxygen required after exercise to replenish stores of O2,ATP, creatine phosphate, and glycogen, and oxidize the lactic acid formed during exercise

Front 67

how much energy released during muscle contraction is converted to useful work?

Back 67

40%

Front 68

force of muscle contraction is affected by these 4 things...

Back 68

# of muscle fibers stimulated
relative size of the fibers
frequency of stimulation
the degree of muscle stretch

Front 69

hypertrophy

Back 69

increase in muscle size

Front 70

disuse atrophy

Back 70

degeneration and loss of mass

Front 71

the connective component of smooth muscle is

Back 71

endomysium

Front 72

source of calcium in smooth muslce

Back 72

SR and extracellular fluid

Front 73

site of calcium regulation for smooth muscle

Back 73

calmodulin in sarcoplasm

Front 74

peristalsis

Back 74

wavelike contractions that move foodstuff through the alimentary tube organs

Front 75

dense bodies

Back 75

act like z discs of skeletal muscle, anchor points for thin filaments of smooth muscle

Front 76

contraction method is alike for smooth and skeletal muscles by

Back 76

actin and myosin interact by the sliding filament mechanism

the final trigger for contraction is a rise in the intracellular calcium ion level

sliding process is energized by ATP

Front 77

smooth muscles ends contractile activity when

Back 77

Calcium levels drop and dephosphorylation of myosin heads by a phosphorlyase enzyme

Front 78

the smooth muscle's moderate degree of contraction =

Back 78

smooth muscle tone

Front 79

neurotransmitters in skeletal muscle and smooth muscle are

Back 79

Ach in skeletal
Lots of different ones in smooth

Front 80

stress-relaxation response

Back 80

allows hollow organ to fill or expand slowly to accommodate a greater volume without promoting strong contractions that would expel contents

Front 81

hyperplasia

Back 81

smooth muscle fibers divide to increase their #'s

Front 82

smooth muscle is categorized into 2 types

Back 82

single unit and multi-unit

Front 83

muscle tissues develop from embryonic mesoderm cells called..

Back 83

myoblasts

Front 84

duchenne muscular dystrophy

Back 84

seen in more males, don't live beyone early 20's, clumsy, die of respiratory failure (lack dystrophin)

Front 85

muscle loss by aging

Back 85

sarcopenia

Front 86

intermittent claudication

Back 86

limping, restricts blood in legs=painful

Front 87

the plasma membrane of a muscle cell is known as

Back 87

sarcolemma

Front 88

4 functional groups of muslces

Back 88

prime movers
antagonists
synergists
fixators

Front 89

circular fascicular pattern means

Back 89

squeezers, sphincters, arranged in concentric rings

Front 90

convergent muscle

Back 90

has broad origin, fascicles converge toward a single tendon of insertion (ex: pectoralis major)

Front 91

pennate

Back 91

fascicles are short and attach obliquely

Front 92

when the effort is farther from the fulcrum than is the load..

Back 92

the lever operates at a mechanical advantage (slow and strong)

Front 93

when the effort is exerted closer to the fulcrum than is the load..

Back 93

the lever operates at a mechanical disadvantage

Front 94

First class levers operate at a..
Second class levers operate at a...
Third class levers operate at a...

Back 94

1.(effort-fulcrum-load)mechanical advantage or disadvantage.
2.(fulcrum-load-effort)mechanical advantage
3. (fulcrum-effort-load) always operate at a mechanical disadvantage

Front 95

Explain what a 'DHP Receptor' is and where it is located

Back 95

Dihydropyridine, located in SR and opens Calcium channels in SR

Front 96

Curare Poisoning

Back 96

When Ach Receptors are blocked

Front 97

Botulism

Back 97

Prevents release of Ach

Front 98

Exposure to Malathion

Back 98

Contractions don't end, spastic paralysis

Front 99

Myasthenia Gravis

Back 99

Receptors are sparse (auto-immune disease)

Front 100

What happens if Ach is blocked?

Back 100

Muscle can't contract (flaccid paralysis)

Front 101

What happens if Ach receptors are sparse?

Back 101

Reduced muscle strength (flaccid paralysis and myasthenia gravis)

Front 102

What happens if Ach receptors are blocked?

Back 102

Flaccid paralysis, curare, bungarotoxin

Front 103

What happens if Ach-ase is missing or ineffective?

Back 103

Contraction doesn't end

Front 104

Anaerobic Threshold

Back 104

the point where aerobic changes to anerobic

Front 105

Describe relationship between internal tension, external tension, and the series elastic component

Back 105

external tension=internal tension - series elastic component

Front 106

Describe how asynchronous activation of motor units produce steady muscle tone

Back 106

so muscle fibers don't fatigue, they are stimulated at different times to keep contraction going.