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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is a word? ——————— is probably the best one to define the word The prototypic method defining a word as——————— |
What is a word? The prototype approach is probably the best one to define the word The prototypic method defining a word as aminimalpermutableelement.
ما هي الكلمة؟ تعتبر طريقة (النموذج المثالي )البروتوتايب هي افضل من عرف (الكلمة) على أنها اصغر عنصر قابل للتبديل او الحركة ترجمه تعريف :
ربما يكون نهج النموذج المثالي هو الأفضل لتعريف الكلمة الطريقة المثالي التي تحدد الكلمة على أنها الحد الأدنى من العناصر القابلة تبديل . |
minimal :صغير permutable :قابلة تبديل
approach:نهج |
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Two features of a prototypical word: |
هناك ميزتان لكلمة (النموذج المثالي)البروتوتايب 1 -It can be moved about in the sentence, or at least its position relative to other constituents can be altered by inserting new, material. 2. It cannot be interrupted, or its parts reordered. ترجمه كلام يمكن نقله في الجملة، أو على الأقل يمكن تغيير موضعه بالنسبة للمكونات الأخرى عن طريق إدراج مادة جديدة. لا يمكن مقاطعته، أو إعادة ترتيب أجزائه. شرحي قصدك الاول كلمه اقدر تتحرك في جملة او اذا دخلنها سوف يختلف ترتيبها بجملة
قصده في ثاني انه مانقدر ندخل حروف على كلمه ولا نستطيع ترتيب حروف داخل كلمه في مثال في سلايدات |
position: موضع
relative:بالنسبة
constituents can be altered: يمكن تغيير المكونات
reordered.: أعيد ترتيبها. |
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In modifying a particular sentence, We are obliged to treat words as———- |
In modifying a particular sentence, We are obliged to treat words as wholes قصده ككل هو نأخذ جملة كاملة مو حرف حرف
عند تعديل جملة معينة، نحن ملزمون بمعاملة الكلمات ككل |
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(————) • The government is opposed to denationalization- strongly. • It is denationalization that the government is strongly opposed to. |
(Reordering) شرح انظر إلى كلمة (strongly) في الجملة أدناه كيف تتحرك في الجملة، وكذلك كلمة(denationalization)، مما أعاد ترتيب الجملة reordering ولم يتم إعادة ترتيب الكلمة دون تغير معنى |
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(———-) The (present) government, (apparently), is (very) strongly (and implacably) opposed to denationalization. |
Inserting شرح نستطيع ادخال كلمات لون اسود غامق |
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the only possible insertion points are ———— |
the only possible insertion points are between words شرح : ادخال الكلمات يتم بين الكلمات يعنى لو ادخل كلمة جديدة ادخلها بين كلمات مثل You are ……a…..friend |
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Words are separated by ——- in writing |
Words are separated by spaces in writing عندما تكتب اترك مسافه بين كلمات |
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Words are separated by ——- in writing |
Words are separated by spaces in writing عندما تكتب اترك مسافه بين كلمات في مثال في سلايدات |
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يتكون تركيب الداخلى الى كلمات ثلاث اقسام |
Internal structure 1-Prototypical words have no more than one lexical root (reordering) 2-Atypical words have more than one lexical root (black-board) 3-Grammatical words have no lexical root at all (the, and, of) شرح من الاستاذ ملاحظة عندما نقول جذر نقدر نضيف عليها ولكن andلا نستطيع ١- كلمات (النموذج المثالي) البروتوتايب تتكون من جذر معجمي واحد order خطا جذر واحد ٢-الكلمات غير النمطية يمكن أن تتكون من أكثر من جذر معجمي مثل هذا فيه اثنين (black-board) ٣-الكلمات القواعدية ليس لها جذر معجمي على الاطلاق مثل of,and |
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(——) are individuated by their form, whether phonological or graphic. |
Word Forms: شرح: تتميز بشكلها سواء نطق او كتابة تختلف. اشكال كلمات في حالات تصريف الافعال Walking , walks |
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Word Forms differ only in respect of —————-(walk, walks, walking, walked) |
Word Forms differ only in respect of inflectional affixes (walk, walks, walking, walked) |
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(———) Groupings of one or more-word forms which are individuated by their roots and/or derivational affixes |
Lexemes: Groupings of one or more-word forms which are individuated by their roots and/or derivational affixes الكلمات الجذرية او المعجمية يظهر فيها الجذر. دائما وقد يضاف للجذر مثل dis
disobey, disobeys, disobeying, and disobeyed الكلمات جذريه او lexemes هي تكون بدون اظافة مثل like او تقبل اشتقاقية مثل dislikes لانه مراح تلقا تصرفات في القاموس عكس الكلمات تقبل تصريف او كلمه مجردة مثل likening and like |
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How do we determine if there are restrictions on possible meanings for word? |
Two stage approach: 1-Are there any universal restrictions? 2. Is there an existence of language-specific restriction? في كلمات لها معنى في كلمات لها عشر معاني اذا ماهي قيود مفروضة على معاني هناك خطوتان ستحدد قيود على المعاني المحتملة للكلمة ؟ هل قيود عالمية على هذي معاني ؟ وهل قيود خاصة بلغة معينه؟ |
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Word Meaning is not allowed to straddle the vital subject……………. |
Word Meaning is not allowed to straddle the vital subject-predicate divide. •لا يسمح بمعنى الكلمة أن يباعد بين المبتدأ و الخبر . فالمبتدأ مرتبط بالخبر في المعنى |
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Possible words meanings are constrained by———— |
semantic dependencies. معاني الكلمات الممكنة مقيدة باعتمادها على على معانى كلمات أخرى (السياق) في كلمات ماتقدر تفهمها اذا فهمت قبلها او الى بعدها تسمي كلمات معتمدة |
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شرحي مثال هذا : |
Dependency chain- constraint that states the elements that constitute the meaning of a word must form a continuous dependency chain. £ Must be a relation of dependency between elements. £ There must be no gaps in the chain which need to be filled by semantic elements from outside word.
سلسلة التبعية (يعنى سلسة اعتماد كلامات على بعض مثل مثال الحليب)- القيد الذي ينص على العناصر التي تشكل معنى الكلمة يجب أن تشكل سلسلة تبعية مستمرة. قاعدة الاولى :يجب أن تكون علاقة تبعية بين العناصر.
قاعده ثانيه :يجب ألا تكون هناك فجوات في السلسلة يجب ملؤها بعناصر دلالية من كلمة خارجية. شرح اكثر في سلايد |
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Sinclair: two basic ways of constructing utterances in natural language use: |
1.Open-choice Principle 2. Idiom Principle شرح:يقول سكاير ان هناك طريقتي تكوين عبارات منطوقة يرى (sinclair ) ان هناك طريقتان تركيب عباره المنطوقة في اللغات : ١-مبدأ الخيار المفتوحة ٢-مبدأ المصطلحات (لا تستطيع تغير فيها تخذها كاقالب مثل طب قدر على امها تطلع بنت لامها لا تسطيع ان تقول تطلع بنت لجدتها لانها قالب |
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ماهي خصائص (Lexical items) حسب ما يرى سنكلير (Sinclair) |
Lexical items characteristics: 1• Their Limits are governed by freedom of choice 2• The smallest units whose occurrence is not constrained by co-text 3• Represent fully functioning semantic units. 4• Have holistic meanings (their meanings are not fully predictable as compositional function ofthe meanings of their constituent parts) شرح: ١-حدودها يتحكم بها حرية الاختيار ٢-الوحدات الصغيرة لا يقيدها السياق ٣-تمثل وحدات معاني تعمل بشكل كامل ٤-لها معنى كلي (لا يمكن التنبؤ بمعانيها لان الوظيفة التركيبة للمعاني تعتمد على الاجزاء المكونة لها |
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(——) the right of a sequence of words to be included in the lexicon |
Lexification شرح هي عملية إدخال سلسلة من الكلمات في القاموس أو قائمة المفردات المرجعية |
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—————-: the loss of semantic significance ofconstituents of lexified sequence |
Delexification: the loss of semantic significance ofconstituents of lexified sequence شرح خسارة الكلمات لدلالة المعنى الذي كانت تحملك بعد إدخالها في القاموس |
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خلص جزء الاول من سلايدات معلم من هذا سؤال Lexification The claim that a particular word sequence should be considered a single lexical item usually hinges on its manifesting holistic properties of some sort. 1-……… 2-…….. |
1-Non-lexical holistic properties 2-Lexical holism |
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بداية جزء الثانية
Non-lexical holistic properties: |
1. Selectional preferences 2. Collocations 3. Emergent meaning |
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(—————) Words go naturally together and |
Selectional preferences الكلمات تاتي مع بعضها البعض بشكل طبيعي |
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Idiom principle :Semantic properties are ————- |
Idiom principle : Semantic properties are suppressed لا يجري استخدام خصائص معاني الكلمات يعنى لا نأخذ المعنى الحرفي الى المصطلحات |
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This selective pressure exercised by a word on its partners is referred to as —————— or —————— |
This selective pressure exercised by a word on its partners is referred to as )—selectional preferences or selectional restrictions *لتشكيل جملة تكون العلاقة بين الكلمات أفقية *لتشكيل جمل جديدة على نفس النمط تكون العلاقة العمودية بين الكلمات |
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امثلة على:
Examples 1. White elephant: An expensive item that is useless. 2-That big building was a white elephant. (expensive, but useless) 3-Global economic downturn (news articles on economic crisis) 4- beautiful views of the countryside (tourist websites) |
Idiom principle كمصطلح لا نأخذ ترجمه حرفية مثل فيل الابيض سوف نأخذ معنى معها شى غالى ولكن ليس له فائدة |
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ماهي خصائص (Lexical items) حسب ما يرى سنكلير (Sinclair) |
Lexical items characteristics: 1• Their Limits are governed by freedom of choice 2• The smallest units whose occurrence is not constrained by co-text 3• Represent fully functioning semantic units. 4• Have holistic meanings (their meanings are not fully predictable as compositional function ofthe meanings of their constituent parts) شرح: ١-حدودها يتحكم بها حرية الاختيار ٢-الوحدات الصغيرة لا يقيدها السياق ٣-تمثل وحدات معاني تعمل بشكل كامل ٤-لها معنى كلي (لا يمكن التنبؤ بمعانيها لان الوظيفة التركيبة للمعاني تعتمد على الاجزاء المكونة لها شرح اكثر في سلايد |
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(——) the right of a sequence of words to be included in the lexicon |
Lexification شرح هي دخل كلمات جديدة على قاموس مثل كلمة الله او انتفاضة من انتفاضة فلسطين هي عملية إدخال سلسلة من الكلمات في القاموس أو قائمة المفردات المرجعية |
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—————-: the loss of semantic significance ofconstituents of lexified sequence |
Delexification: the loss of semantic significance ofconstituents of lexified sequence شرح خسرت كلمة معنها ويمكن ان تخرج من lexicon خسارة الكلمات لدلالة المعنى الذي كانت تحملك بعد إدخالها في القاموس |
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خلص جزء الاول من سلايدات معلم من هذا سؤال Lexification The claim that a particular word sequence should be considered a single lexical item usually hinges on its manifesting holistic properties of some sort. 1-……… 2-…….. |
1-Non-lexical holistic properties 2-Lexical holism(معنى كامل كلمة) شرح اكثر في سلايد |
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مثال على:
foot the bill foot verb (informal: pay (the bill) for something, especially when the bill is considered large or unreasonable |
Idioms of encoding |
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(—————) Builds up or analyses an utterance word by word |
Open-choice principle شرح: مبدأ الخيار المفتوح بناء او تحليل "العبارات المنطوقة" كلمة كلمة |
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هناك تعرفين ——————: meaning entails a limitation in the choice of accompanying items.
————————: meaning entails a limitation in the choice of accompanying items. |
Meaning entails choice: meaning entails a limitation in the choice of accompanying items. شرح: ترابط المعنى :معنى أي كلمة يحدد مدى توافقها مع الكلمة التى تتشارك معها في الجملة
Meaning entails choice: meaning entails a limitation in the choice of accompanying items. شرح تعريف ثاني: المعنى يستلزم الاختيار : المعنى يفرض اختيار الكلمات المرافقة للكلمة . |
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This selective pressure exercised by a word on its partners is referred to as —————— or —————— |
This selective pressure exercised by a word on its partners is referred to as )—selectional preferences or selectional restrictions شرح هذا الضغط الذي تمارس الكلمة على على شريكاتها في الجملة يسمى قيود الاختيار |
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(————-) the holistic meaning of the phrase is predictable on the basis of the semantic properties ofthe constituent words |
Fried eggs: the holistic meaning of the phrase is predictable on the basis of the semantic properties ofthe constituent words شرح: البيض المقلي :لان كلمه مقلب تجي مع بيض ولكن لا تجي مع خس المعنى الكلي (مثال على معنى كلي مثل بيض مقلي ) للعبارة يمكن التنبؤ به بناء على معنى الكلمات المكونة للعبارة |
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—————— Uses building blocks ready-made sequences of words |
Idiom principle : Uses building blocks ready-made sequences of words شرح: مبدا المصطلحات : بستخدم المصطلح قوالب جاهزة من العبارات |
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Idiom principle Choice of individual words in these sequences is————— |
Idiom principle Choice of individual words in these sequences is severely constrained شرح مبدأ المصطلحات: إختيار الكلمات في هذي العبارات يخضع لقيود صارمة |
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(————) Degree of phrasal unity: how words go together and May be claimed for cases where one (or more) words select non-default senses of their partners |
Collocation معنى كلمة متلازمات لفظية يعنى كلمات تجي مع بعض مثل foot the bill مع ان قدم و فتورة تجي مع بعض لها معنى شرح -درجة وحدة العبارة -تعتمد وحدة العبارات على كلمة او اكثر لكلمة أخرى تشاركها المعنى
High Speed High wind Heavy rain Salt and pepper Waste time |
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مثال على:
foot the bill foot verb (informal: pay (the bill) for something, especially when the bill is considered large or unreasonable |
Idioms of encoding شرح يدفع فاتورة او مبلغ باهظ مقابل شى مثل رسوم المدرسة أو الجامعة |
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(—————-)Speaker with full knowledge of the default meanings of the constituent words would not be able to predict the acceptability of the phrase |
Idioms of encoding |
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Idioms of encoding Have to be learned as a———- |
combination |
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Idioms of encoding —————on the account of displaying some unity qualify as lexical items. |
Idioms of encoding Do not qualify as lexical items on the account of displaying some unity qualify as lexical items. |
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Idioms of encoding ———————senses with indications of necessary contexts |
Can be listed in a dictionary as non-default senses with indications of necessary contexts |
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—————A semantic phenomenon which some might want to regard as holistic is what is sometimes called emergent meaning. |
Emergent meaning. |
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—————A semantic phenomenon which some might want to regard as holistic is what is sometimes called emergent meaning. |
Emergent meaning. Discussed in relation to Metaphor |
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اشرحي مثال: John poured the butter |
Emergence of the feature [HOT] |
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Lexical holism: unpredictable holistic properties of sequences 1-……………………….. 2-……………………….. |
1. Semantic constituents and the principle of compositionality 2. Idioms |
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(————) The meaning of a semantically complex expression is a compositional function of the meanings of its semanticconstituents |
The principle of compositionality |
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The principle of compositionality Rational? |
.1 The language has an infinite number of grammatical sentences 2. The language has unlimited expressive power |
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The principle of compositionality The infinite inventory of sentences arises from rule-governed combinations of elements ———————————————— |
The principle of compositionality The infinite inventory of sentences arises from rule-governed combinations of elements from a finite list according to generative rules. |
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The principle of compositionality Sentences could be interpretable only if their meanings are composed in rule- governed ways out of the meanings of parts —————————————— |
The principle of compositionality Sentences could be interpretable only if their meanings are composed in rule- governed ways out of the meanings of parts belonging to the same finite set. |
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Semantic constituents have two characteristics: 1-………………………. 2-………………………. |
1- They can be substituted by something else (belonging to the same grammatical class), giving a different meaning. 2-Ameaningful linguistics item should be capable of carrying a constant meaning from context to context |
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Semantic constituents have two characteristics: 1-………………………. 2-………………………. |
1- They can be substituted by something else (belonging to the same grammatical class), giving a different meaning. 2-Ameaningful linguistics item should be capable of carrying a constant meaning from context to context |
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The cat sat on the mat • The (dog) sat on the mat > Obligatory items cannot be said to have meaning (I want to eat) شرحي مثال : |
Semantic constituents have two characteristics: ١-They can be substituted by something else (belonging to the same grammatical class), giving a different meaning. |
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Semantic constituents have two characteristics: 1-………………………. 2-………………………. |
1- They can be substituted by something else (belonging to the same grammatical class), giving a different meaning. 2-Ameaningful linguistics item should be capable of carrying a constant meaning from context to context |
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The cat sat on the mat • The (dog) sat on the mat > Obligatory items cannot be said to have meaning (I want to eat) شرحي مثال : |
Semantic constituents have two characteristics: ١-They can be substituted by something else (belonging to the same grammatical class), giving a different meaning. |
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• Recurrent contrast test for semantic consistency • Mat / box o The cat sat on a ———- The —————-is dirty |
Semantic constituents : 2-A meaningful linguistics item should be capable of carrying a constant meaning from context to context |
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—————————: cannot be divided into smaller semantic constituents. |
A minimal semantic constituent |
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• dis- in disapprove is a semantic constituent. (dislike, dismount) • dis- in disappoint is not a semantic constituent. • re- in recount is a semantic constituent. (reproduce, reelect) • re- in recount ("narrate*) is not a semantic constituent. (report, receive, resolve) شرحي هذي: |
A minimal semantic constituent |
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• Grammatically complex expressions whose grammatical constituents are not semantic constituents |
Idioms |
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• Grammatically complex expressions whose grammatical constituents are not semantic constituents |
Idioms |
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………………………………………: whose meaning can be predicted from the meaning of its semantic constituents • ………….: as idioms |
Compositional expressions: whose meaning can be predicted from the meaning of its semantic constituents • Non-Compositional expressions: as idioms |
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• Grammatically complex expressions whose grammatical constituents are not semantic constituents |
Idioms |
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………………………………………: whose meaning can be predicted from the meaning of its semantic constituents • ………….: as idioms |
Compositional expressions: whose meaning can be predicted from the meaning of its semantic constituents • Non-Compositional expressions: as idioms |
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مثال على : 1. To pull (someone's leg 2. To kick the bucket |
->Idioms . 1- To pull (someone's leg • to trick or lie to someone in a playful way • I panicked when he said the test was tomorrow, but then I realized he was just pulling my leg. (meriam-webster.) 2-To kick the bucket To die. • If they invent a hoverboard before I kick the bucket, I'm definitely going to try it , no matter how old I am. |
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Front (Term) |
Back (Definition) |
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Front (Term) |
Back (Definition) |
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•—————: the loss of semantic significance of constituents of lexified sequence. (Zero Semanticity + Partial Semanticity ) • Sinclair's term for semantic downgrading of words is ———————- |
•Delexification: the loss of semantic significance of constituents of lexified sequence. (Zero Semanticity + Partial Semanticity ) • Sinclair's term for semantic downgrading of words is delexification |
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—————: the degree of relevance (inverse of delexification) can be shown from zero to 100% |
Semanticity: the degree of relevance (inverse of delexification) can be shown from zero to 100% |
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Front (Term) |
Back (Definition) |
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