While under the custody of the police he was refused the opportunity to review the situation with his attorney and was not warned of his constitutional rights. The Supreme Court found that Escobedo’s Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments were violated that any statement given by Escobedo while in police custody or during his interrogation may not be used against him at trial for the murder of his brother-in-law. (Williams, 1964)
Zemel v. Rusk The appeal of Zemel v. Rusk (Secretary of State) Zemel attempted to argue that he had the right to travel to Cuba but also went into the question of restrictions on passports. Zemel attempted to travel to Cuba to answer his curiosity at a time to educate himself as a citizen at a time when the United States had ended diplomatic relations with them. Zemel request for permission to travel to Cuba was denied. At the Supreme Court, the argument that the Passport Act of 1962 and Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 were unconstitutional. (Cornnell) The appeal of Zemel v. Rusk was decided on May 3, 1965 in favor of Secretary of State Rusk. Divided decision that held that Zemel’s argument of the Passport Act of 162 and Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 was not valid. That the Secretary of State does have the authorization to refuse to validate passports of Citizens attempting to travel to Cuba.