Eric Foner’s “A Short History of Reconstruction” is an updated, abridged edition of “Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution.” This book redefines how the Reconstruction Era is viewed, in ways historians have not done before. Foner chronologically starts with the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 to validate his statement that “Reconstruction was not only a specific time period, but also the beginning of an extended historical process: the adjustment of American society to the end of slavery.” Starting his novel with this allows him to stress “the Proclamation’s importance in uniting…grass-roots black activity and the newly empowered national state” and state that this period is the beginning of “the adjustment of American society to…
This book serves as a reminder that the common person doesn’t know nearly enough about the movement and that there are many important, yet untold, stories that will open the reader’s eye to all that really happened in this time period. This book will leave its audience hungering to learn more and give them an understanding of the trials of the Civil Rights…
The Reconstruction was the period of time, after the Civil War, that attempted to reunite the Confederacy back into the Union under its new laws. During this time, tensions between black slaves and white Southerners were severely heightened due to the change in order and social standards. In the essay “An Insurrection That Never Happened: The ‘Christmas Riots’ of 1865,” the author, Stephen Nissenbaum, highlights a different perspective about the Reconstruction Era. He argues that the events that took place during the “Christmas Riots” exemplify how the freedmen had their hopes of being independent crushed. In doing so, he provides convincing evidence to support that the Reconstruction did not fulfill its purpose of giving freedom to the newly…
On July 1st 1917 in East St. Louis, white “joy riders” rode down a block which was inhabited by Negroes, and began to fire into the houses. Also on the 2nd of July, 1917, a white mob of white men destroyed $400,000 worth of property belonging to both whites and negroes which drove 6,000 Negroes out of their homes. (Arnesen 80,81) The African American were not welcome to almost any city at any time. A leader of a labor union by the name of Mr. Mason had this to say, “some action should be taken to retard this growing menance.…
In Give Me Liberty, Eric Foner understood the viewpoint of the African-Americans during the Reconstruction time-period. He said, “African-American staked their claim to equal citizenship. Blacks declared an Alabama meeting, deserved, ‘exactly the same rights, privileges and immunities as are enjoyed by white men. We ask for nothing more and will be content with nothing less’” (572).…
Brown, M. (2014). In New York. N.p.: Alfred A, Knopf.…
Equality has always been a serious issue regards racial segregation in the South of the United States, especially in the Jim Crow Era. African-Americans were dehumanized and considered inferior compared to White Americans. They were treated unfairly and restricted in public places for their rights and resources were stripped. Based on the two autobiographical memoirs, Black boy and Separate Pasts, the authors have expressed their own opposite respective experiences of Blacks and Whites to show how the Constitution rights were overturned.…
Ever since 1787, and even before, African-Americans have struggled to gain political, legal, social, and economic equality. Although some national and state government programs were constructed to help African-Americans with this perpetual problem, it is also the same state and national government policies that expanded this problem. In fact, this is still a problem that persists today. The national and state governments definitely have gone a long way in providing African Americans with political, legal and social opportunities; however constant setbacks have lessened their effectiveness. Beginning in 1787 there was an unspoken guarantee that all states had the option to decide whether or not they wanted to be slave sates.…
During Radical Reconstruction, which began in 1867, newly enfranchised blacks were able to gain a voice in government through representation for the first time in American history, winning election to governmental positions, southern state legislatures, and even to the U.S. Congress. In less than a decade, however, there would be a strong backlash against these changes from the South, in an attempt to reverse the changes wrought by Radical Reconstruction in a campaign of violence and terror that restored white supremacy in the South. Throughout this time period, the South regressed back to a state that was far more similar to how the country was before the civil war, before reconstruction had taken place. Clearly, though African Americans experienced great positive changes during reconstruction, the retaliation during the Jim Crow era washed away much of their progress, and so eventually their lives were brought back to near pre-civil war conditions, and the unwanted continuity of racism, prejudice, and…
The lives’ of African Americans were altered considerably after the Civil War ended in 1865. Before the Civil War began in 1861, slavery and the limitations placed on both free and enslaved black people was part of life, but when slavery was abolished in 1865 by the passing of the 13th amendment; a new era was arriving. The Era of Reconstruction after the Civil War presented impacted the lives of African Americans positively in many ways, but it must be recognized that there were negative consequences as well. In this essay, both the positive and negative impacts of the changes brought about after the Civil War will be examined. When the Civil War concluded, and Slavery abolished in 1865, the African American people, who lived in the South, were ushered into an era where they had the opportunity to choose their destiny.…
In “Sonny’s Blues,” Harlem is clearly illustrated as a dank and unclean city that boasted little hope or incentive for ambition for those that resided there. The lack of opportunity led to high levels of poverty, and in turn influenced many in the area to resort to crime, alcoholism, and drugs for comfort. Throughout the 1920s, Harlem was a place of progression, art, and activism. Dubbed the “Harlem Renaissance,” this era in American history was significant for the black community as a whole.…
Robert F. Williams was a son, a husband, and a soldier. Above all, however, Robert F. Williams was an American. He believed in empowering the black people so that they could become a significant figure in the American public. Although American society and American democracy had its pitfalls, Robert Williams was ultimately a believer in these two areas in that they could bring about equality for every person in America. In 1954 while Williams was in the Marine Corps he learned that the United States Supreme Court had struck down school segregation.…
The struggle of African Americans in America did not begin in the twenty-first century. It started long before the Mayflower ever landed at Plymouth Rock. A struggle can resemble a mountain which appears to be difficult to climb, but with time and perseverance, be that as it may, the outlandish possibility can turn into a sensible undertaking. African American history has its origins in West Africa and travels through a transatlantic journey to America. After arriving in a new land, the men, women, and children who were strong enough to survive the trip were rudely greeted by the bonds of slavery.…
America's current battle with racism is an unfortunate example of when history "repeats itself." The issues regarding racial inequality were confronted in the Civil War, then again during the Reconstruction era. Despite the efforts of both these events, racial conflicts still exist today. The Civil war is taught in schools to be the conflict that ended with the abolishment of slavery. While this marked a turning point in American history, racist belief systems did not disappear.…
Even after the Civil War, in which all African-Americans no longer were deemed as slaves, the life of the black person did not get easier. For generations, the struggle to come out of impoverished lifestyles had been deemed as almost impossible. Faced by segregation, no equal rights, and the KKK, the newly freed African-Americans were not able to completely submerge themselves to “freedom”. Little by little, new opportunities emerged; however, the depths of acrimony and pain prevented blacks to completely embrace them. Those who fought for the chance to make history, emerged successful, but those who let the past hold them back, continued to live in the restrictions of the past.…