Grant, et al (1998) experimented with “40 participants who read a two-page article under silent or noisy conditions.” Participants were then tested with matching or mismatching conditions example; silent study/silent test and noisy study/noisy test or silent study/noisy test etc. The design of the test was to imitate standard classroom tests, and assess the participant’s ability to comprehend new material (i.e. memory for meaning). To accommodate the possibility that context-dependency effects vary with different types of tests, participants completed both a short answer re-call and multiple-choice recognition test (Grant, et al., 1998). However, environmental context-dependency effects occurred when the to-be remembered material originally
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Using the Charles Sturt University online library resource “primo search” with the option “journal articles” viewed through “Journals@Ovid” and “Ovid PsycARTICLES”.
Part C
Tulving, E., & Thompson, D. M., (1971). Retrieval processes in recognition memory: Effects of associative context. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 87(1), 116-124. doi: 10.1037/h0030186.
Vakil, E., Hornik, C., & Levy, D .A. (2008). Conceptual and perceptual similarity between encoding and retrieval contexts and recognition memory context effects in older and younger adults. The Journals of Gerontology, 63(3), 171-175.
Danker, J. F., & Anderson, J. R. (2010). The ghosts of brain states past: Remembering reactivates the brain regions engaged during encoding. Psychological Bulletin, 136(1), 87-102. doi: …show more content…
J. (2013). A buffer model of memory encoding and temporal correlations in retrieval. Psychological Review, 120(1), 155-189. doi: 10.1037/a0030851.
Part D
28 younger adults and 28 older adults participated in a study that examined the hypothesis that “older adults’ discrepancies in contextual memory result from difficulties in contending with partial encoding-to-retrieval changes in the context” (Vakil, Hornik, Levy, 2008). Participants in the research had not suffered psychiatric/neurological illness or head trauma that could have caused deficiencies to memory. In order to evaluate the applicant’s ability to regulate partial contextual changes, encoding and retrieval context variables (e.g. unrelated or identical material) were manipulated.
“Participants saw 60 word pairs on a computer screen for 4 seconds each, with each word appearing in a separate window screen, an arrow under the window marked a target word. Participants were given a 5 minute break and were then shown 120 word pairs, when the target words appeared they were to say them aloud and also click the window on the screen” (Vakil, Hornik, Levy, 2008). After testing the individuals the effects and reliability of contextual change on memory recognition of words was measured. Results showed that older participants (in comparison to younger adults) did not click the screen by accident thus making less false apprehensions; however older adults’ recognition of contextual
Using the Charles Sturt University online library resource “primo search” with the option “journal articles” viewed through “Journals@Ovid” and “Ovid PsycARTICLES”.
Part C
Tulving, E., & Thompson, D. M., (1971). Retrieval processes in recognition memory: Effects of associative context. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 87(1), 116-124. doi: 10.1037/h0030186.
Vakil, E., Hornik, C., & Levy, D .A. (2008). Conceptual and perceptual similarity between encoding and retrieval contexts and recognition memory context effects in older and younger adults. The Journals of Gerontology, 63(3), 171-175.
Danker, J. F., & Anderson, J. R. (2010). The ghosts of brain states past: Remembering reactivates the brain regions engaged during encoding. Psychological Bulletin, 136(1), 87-102. doi: …show more content…
J. (2013). A buffer model of memory encoding and temporal correlations in retrieval. Psychological Review, 120(1), 155-189. doi: 10.1037/a0030851.
Part D
28 younger adults and 28 older adults participated in a study that examined the hypothesis that “older adults’ discrepancies in contextual memory result from difficulties in contending with partial encoding-to-retrieval changes in the context” (Vakil, Hornik, Levy, 2008). Participants in the research had not suffered psychiatric/neurological illness or head trauma that could have caused deficiencies to memory. In order to evaluate the applicant’s ability to regulate partial contextual changes, encoding and retrieval context variables (e.g. unrelated or identical material) were manipulated.
“Participants saw 60 word pairs on a computer screen for 4 seconds each, with each word appearing in a separate window screen, an arrow under the window marked a target word. Participants were given a 5 minute break and were then shown 120 word pairs, when the target words appeared they were to say them aloud and also click the window on the screen” (Vakil, Hornik, Levy, 2008). After testing the individuals the effects and reliability of contextual change on memory recognition of words was measured. Results showed that older participants (in comparison to younger adults) did not click the screen by accident thus making less false apprehensions; however older adults’ recognition of contextual