Stewart, Danielian And Foster's Intercultural Communication Model

In this intercultural communication model, Stewart, Danielian and Foster (1969) developed a new way to improve communication by introducing cultural self-awareness as a key. To do a better analysis, they believe that culture might be studied by using four factors which are: concrete behavior, values, assumptions and generalized cultural forms, however, they focus on the last three factors. By values, the authors say that they can be concrete, discrete, specific and they can be comparable to personal awareness which means an individual can use their values to explain their feelings and behavior. On the other hand, assumptions can be abstract and can give sense of reality to an individual. Although, values and assumptions can be blended, sometimes …show more content…
The first one is the activity of doing which explains that activity must be an action that leads to an external and visible achievement. On the other hand, the second is the activity of being, that is related to the spontaneous expression of an individual personality which cares more about experiences than accomplishments. The third mode is being-in-becoming which also refers to experiences being more important than achievements, although, it is more dynamic and emphasises the stress factor. The fourth activity is problem-solving decision making , in this mode the analysis can be made in different dimensions and it will change from culture to culture, for example decisions can be made based on an individual role, preferences and commitment or it can be decided according to the values, goals and function of a …show more content…
This category is related to how individuals see themselves and others. In some societies the concept of individual identity is well defined due to specific classification systems such as castes and classes. In others, like American society, it is natural for them to see each individual as a separate identity and this self-concept is not easy to blend with groups. Also, the authors say that in this type of culture the concepts are made based on individual 's factors as self-respect, personal needs and goals. Additionally, it is mentioned that these cultures prefer to focus on objectives than personal relationships and this help them to work with others even though they do not fully agree with the others ' values, behavior and beliefs. On the other hand, different cultures cannot work with individual if they do not have same religion, values, ethical codes or even if they do not belong to the same class or