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Countries generally report and define slums within their own institutions by the following six characteristics that a typical across slum developments (The Challenge of Slums 11):
Lack of basic services.
-Sanitation, Water are frequently missing within slums.
Substandard housing or illegal and inadequate building structures.
-Non-adherence to building codes or housing built with non-standard materials.
Overcrowding and high density.
-Many slum dwellings have five or more people sharing single room units.
Unhealthy living conditions and hazardous locations.
-Open sewers, lack of sidewalks, pollution.
Insecure tenure; irregular or informal settlements.
-Uncertain understanding of land ownership.
Poverty and social exclusion.
-Low incomes, high integration with the informal (black market) economy.
Minimum settlement …show more content…
Cities naturally attract density, and the price of land disproportionately affects the poor (Oberlander 46). While acknowledging that population growth and rural-to-urban migration are the direct causes of slum development, the question still begs? What is leading to such a rapid increase in the number of people migrating from the countryside to a more urban setting? Squatting / Land Settlement has become more popular because of the lack of availability of affordable, appropriate land within the urban core of most cities (Oberlander 47). With land prices rising as tertiary sector jobs grow in central business districts, people are pushed further into the city periphery without access to the resources needed to make these locations financially viable. Adding to that, periphery land is often undesirable for other reasons, it is often on flood plains, swamp land, or unstable hillsides. As more people flock to the cities, informal settlements grow (Oberlander …show more content…
Planet of Slums. London: Verso, 2006. Print.
Dear, M. J., and Jennifer R. Wolch. Landscapes of Despair: from Deinstitutionalization to Homelessness. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1987. Print.
Grant, Richard. "Out of Place? Global Citizens in Local Spaces: A Study of the Informal Settlements in the Korle Lagoon Environs in Accra, Ghana." Urban Forum 17.1 (2006): 1-24. Print.
Huchzermeyer, Marie. Unlawful Occupation: Informal Settlements and Urban Policy in South Africa and Brazil. Trenton, NJ: Africa World, 2004. Print.
Oberlander, H. Peter. Land, the Central Human Settlement Issue. Vancouver: University of British Columbia, 1985. Print.
Ooi, Giok Ling, and Kai Hong Phua. "Urbanization and Slum Formation." Journal of Urban Health 84.S1 (2007): 27-34. Print.
Perlman, Janice E. Favela: Four Decades of Living on the Edge in Rio De Janeiro. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2010. Print.
Sclar, Elliott D., and Mary E. Northridge. "Slums, Slum Dwellers, and Health." American Journal of Public Health (2003): 93. Print.
UN-Habitat. United Nations. Web. .
United Nations. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2010 Revision, Data Tables and Highlights
Lack of basic services.
-Sanitation, Water are frequently missing within slums.
Substandard housing or illegal and inadequate building structures.
-Non-adherence to building codes or housing built with non-standard materials.
Overcrowding and high density.
-Many slum dwellings have five or more people sharing single room units.
Unhealthy living conditions and hazardous locations.
-Open sewers, lack of sidewalks, pollution.
Insecure tenure; irregular or informal settlements.
-Uncertain understanding of land ownership.
Poverty and social exclusion.
-Low incomes, high integration with the informal (black market) economy.
Minimum settlement …show more content…
Cities naturally attract density, and the price of land disproportionately affects the poor (Oberlander 46). While acknowledging that population growth and rural-to-urban migration are the direct causes of slum development, the question still begs? What is leading to such a rapid increase in the number of people migrating from the countryside to a more urban setting? Squatting / Land Settlement has become more popular because of the lack of availability of affordable, appropriate land within the urban core of most cities (Oberlander 47). With land prices rising as tertiary sector jobs grow in central business districts, people are pushed further into the city periphery without access to the resources needed to make these locations financially viable. Adding to that, periphery land is often undesirable for other reasons, it is often on flood plains, swamp land, or unstable hillsides. As more people flock to the cities, informal settlements grow (Oberlander …show more content…
Planet of Slums. London: Verso, 2006. Print.
Dear, M. J., and Jennifer R. Wolch. Landscapes of Despair: from Deinstitutionalization to Homelessness. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1987. Print.
Grant, Richard. "Out of Place? Global Citizens in Local Spaces: A Study of the Informal Settlements in the Korle Lagoon Environs in Accra, Ghana." Urban Forum 17.1 (2006): 1-24. Print.
Huchzermeyer, Marie. Unlawful Occupation: Informal Settlements and Urban Policy in South Africa and Brazil. Trenton, NJ: Africa World, 2004. Print.
Oberlander, H. Peter. Land, the Central Human Settlement Issue. Vancouver: University of British Columbia, 1985. Print.
Ooi, Giok Ling, and Kai Hong Phua. "Urbanization and Slum Formation." Journal of Urban Health 84.S1 (2007): 27-34. Print.
Perlman, Janice E. Favela: Four Decades of Living on the Edge in Rio De Janeiro. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2010. Print.
Sclar, Elliott D., and Mary E. Northridge. "Slums, Slum Dwellers, and Health." American Journal of Public Health (2003): 93. Print.
UN-Habitat. United Nations. Web. .
United Nations. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2010 Revision, Data Tables and Highlights