“The Struggle for Black Equality” by Harvard Sitkoff, summarizes the key elements in the fight for the civil rights of African Americans from 1954-1980. The book was set up in chronological order, each chapter embodying the new step to gain equality. The first chapter is titled “Up from slavery,” it consists of the small actions that took place slowly to assure the equal rights. By the end of the first chapter, the concept of equal rights was introduced more prominently, opening people's eyes to the problem. Nevertheless, there was still doubt in the system and people who did not agree.…
In all it’s cold, hard glory, equality has not always been apart of certain eras of humanity. Imagine one’s life without basic rights. Simply put, many decades have passed where the majority of people have not been served justice, or human rights. It has taken several groups of determined people, events and causes to get to where we are today. African Americans in particular could not use the same amenities, or go to the same places, it was pure segregation.…
In 1865, The Civil War had ended and the era of Reconstruction had begun. The South was in need of serious reconstruction, not only from the loss of free labor due to the Emancipation Proclamation, which had abolished slavery in the United States, but from the battles of the Civil War itself. In this time, Federal soldiers occupied the southern states enforcing the new laws and amendments which had granted African Americans new freedoms as citizens of the nation. African Americans, though free, were segregated from the White’s facilities and education systems. Inspired by their opportunities as free men and women, African American communities quickly began to set up schooling systems, and encouraged one another to educate themselves with hopes that wisdom may hold the key to ending the racial discrimination and inequality they faced in free America.…
The “new birth of freedom” for African Americans, addressed by Lincoln’s Gettysburg address did not held true for African Americans during the 19th century. After the Civil War, African Americans did not have the freedom they were supposed to be given because of political, social, and economical reasons. African Americans did not have the freedom to do what they wanted because they were targeted. Socially, African Americans were tied to rules they had to obey or else they would of been punished harshly. After the Civil War, southern states passed laws that restricted African American’s rights.…
On January 1, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing all men and women under slavery in the South. Under its clauses, many African Americans were freed that day, and even more as the War came to an end and the nation become united under one government. Still, for many ex-slaves, their lives changed little. Even with their freedom guaranteed and their rights inalienable, they still faced discrimination and hostility. With the development of the Jim Crow’s laws, Black Americans were legally isolated from the public, effectively keeping them away from the opportunities to advance their lives beyond that of a former slave.…
Negros still were not given the same freedom as Caucasians. Segregation occurred which resulted in the Jim Crow laws. The Jim Crow laws determined that “persons having one-eighth, one sixteenth, or any ascertainable Negro blood are Negros in the eyes of the law” (Kennedy 1959, 47). To be Negro meant having stipulations on marriage, location of property, studying locations, and work availability. At this time, in 29 states it was “against the law for persons of different race to make love, marry, or have children” . . .…
The Reconstruction Era was when America first let black men, and white men live together. It is also when the Federal Government decided to let the Southern States back in. In 1862, Abraham Lincoln decided to appoint military governors to re-establish the Southern states that were recaptured by the Union Army. That meant trouble. The most important thing that Lincoln made clear was that the re-admittance was that the minimum of 10 percent of the voting population in 1860, was to take an oath of allegiance to the Union.…
The post-civil War era included many setbacks that restricted the civil rights and liberties of African Americans in the United States, even though slavery was abolished and amendments assured equal protection under the law. Black civil rights were undermined by Jim Crow laws, the Ku Klux Klan, and the deprivation of voting rights. After the Reconstruction era, black civil rights were limited by Jim Crow laws, which mandated racial segregation in almost all public areas, creating a racial hierarchy. The article captured the racial segregation and inequalities that were put in place but Jim Crow laws, “...many U.S. states passed and enforced laws mandating the racial segregation of Black and white communities. They functionally established a…
In the South after the Civil War during reconstruction African American still suffered from issues now that they were free, like trying to get their right to vote and be able to vote in a free manner and not have to take a test to be able to vote, or not be afraid of the KKK or Ku Klux Klan or other radical white groups coming to harm them or keep them from voting or practicing their civil rights that were given to them. Even though they had the right to vote and do other things…
Many groups of people have faced and suffered discrimination in the United States. United States Federal government and the states government have taken actions toward some of the discrimination group to limit or protect their rights as individuals. Limiting rights of these groups in United States have bought changes in the American society. It also had impact on the American economy as well as the the American society behaviors. There was also a fail in the check and balances of the government.…
Through the Reconstruction and the Progressive Eras, African Americans were widely discriminated against and oppressed in both the South and the North. During the Reconstruction Era, African Americans were finally granted the constitutional right to be free, slavery and indentured servitude became outlawed, and African American men gained the right to vote. This new freedom, however, came at a price of overt racism and violence. Mainly in the South, African Americans were faced with new laws that made it almost impossible to implement their new freedom in society. The federal government tried to counter these laws but had a difficult time defeating the power of white supremacist groups like the KKK and their influence on mainly poor, white…
The history of African Americans in the United States is a sad, but crucial part of understanding American history as a whole. The institution of slavery in North America set back African Americans in many different ways, creating a social divide between races that is sometimes present in todays society. But in turn, many great efforts have been put forth by African Americans to help win their equality and freedom that they deserve. Finding equality and freedom for African Americans is easier said that done, especially if we still grapple with racial divides in certain parts of our nation. Many great abolitionists and advocates for freedom did miraculous things to help African Americans find freedom in the nineteenth century, but there was…
The amount of ignorance and prejudice in the segregation and reconstruction era of the United States guaranteed an experience full of harassment and immediate, wrongful judgement for anyone without a white complexion. In 1959, the percentage of the total black population living in poverty was over 55% (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006). The majority of this is due to the unjustified discrimination towards the blacks of this time period. Likewise, this greatly reflects in the decisions made in this time era. Supreme Court cases were very bias during the reconstruction and segregation era of the United States.…
Separate institutions and facilities for blacks and whites became a basic rule. The concept of equal rights as allowed by the 13th, 14th and the 15th amendment were completely ignored and abolished. The whole situation remained there till 1950’s when in…
When I first heard Billie Holiday sing Strange Fruit, I was immediately saddened by her tone. It instantly gripped my attention because she started the song off referring to a “strange fruit.” This reference automatically made me listen closely to see what “fruit” she was speaking of. The next line talked about blood on the trees’ leaves and roots which instantly stirred up feeling of sadness. This song describes the lynching of African Americans in the South.…