Repellent-Treated Clothing
Permethrin is the agent of choice for these products. This is a man-made synthetic pyrethroid, a class of insecticides derived from Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium. Arthropod toxicity is exerted by sodium channel antagonism with, interestingly, strength of effect inversely correlated with temperature. Cold-blooded animals, in general, and fish, in particular, are unusually sensitive to these effects, while humans exposure is generally considered safe. Exposed mosquitoes are either killed or experience “knock down” (falling from the air) when exposed to these products. Primarily comes in two forms: 1) SPRAYS that can be applied to any fabric; 2) IMPREGNATED CLOTHING products that are listed as toxicity category IV by the EPA. Dermal absorption by mammals is low and it is rapidly metabolized by ester hydrolysis. There are no special warnings for use during pregnancy or by children. When used correctly and in combination with DEET-containing products for exposed skin, permethrin allows for added protection far beyond what is achieved with DEET alone.
Aerosolizers
Wall- or battery-powered devices that release vaporized pyrethrins or pyrethroids, …show more content…
Developed and modified over the last 15+ years, it has broad efficacy against various biting insects and, in fact, has performed very similarly to DEET in laboratory and field testing. Amongst several downside when compared with DEET, the most clinically relevant appear to be its relatively shorter duration of action and a decreased efficacy as a tick repellent. Similar to DEET, there remains some controversy as to its exact mechanisms of action, but is thought to be either an insect olfactory antagonist or noxious stimulant. There appears to be no reports of human toxicity, although animal studies suggest hepatotoxicity in rats exposed to very high doses. There are no particular recommendations for use in children or in pregnant
Permethrin is the agent of choice for these products. This is a man-made synthetic pyrethroid, a class of insecticides derived from Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium. Arthropod toxicity is exerted by sodium channel antagonism with, interestingly, strength of effect inversely correlated with temperature. Cold-blooded animals, in general, and fish, in particular, are unusually sensitive to these effects, while humans exposure is generally considered safe. Exposed mosquitoes are either killed or experience “knock down” (falling from the air) when exposed to these products. Primarily comes in two forms: 1) SPRAYS that can be applied to any fabric; 2) IMPREGNATED CLOTHING products that are listed as toxicity category IV by the EPA. Dermal absorption by mammals is low and it is rapidly metabolized by ester hydrolysis. There are no special warnings for use during pregnancy or by children. When used correctly and in combination with DEET-containing products for exposed skin, permethrin allows for added protection far beyond what is achieved with DEET alone.
Aerosolizers
Wall- or battery-powered devices that release vaporized pyrethrins or pyrethroids, …show more content…
Developed and modified over the last 15+ years, it has broad efficacy against various biting insects and, in fact, has performed very similarly to DEET in laboratory and field testing. Amongst several downside when compared with DEET, the most clinically relevant appear to be its relatively shorter duration of action and a decreased efficacy as a tick repellent. Similar to DEET, there remains some controversy as to its exact mechanisms of action, but is thought to be either an insect olfactory antagonist or noxious stimulant. There appears to be no reports of human toxicity, although animal studies suggest hepatotoxicity in rats exposed to very high doses. There are no particular recommendations for use in children or in pregnant