Dehan and Deal (2001) stated that poverty in the United States is conceptualized as an urban minority problem. In general, poverty has countless factors; only some components of those factors are directly associated with a lack of physical capital, infrastructure, or other economic resources (Chakravarti, 2006). Today’s expansion of poverty is not the sum of unfortunate circumstances, but conditions that interact and reinforce in nature (World Bank, 2001). In 2001, the World Bank forecasted broader conceptualizations of poverty that include psychological constructs covering the experiential realities of the poor in the new millennium. Children of immigrants face considerable academic challenges in language and culture compared to their American
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Therefore, it is important to measure whether the structure and content of communication flow homogeneously within networks accessible to the poor (Frenzen & Nakamoto, 1993). The problems of poverty and deprivation are complex and may not be solved with good policies and efficient markets, although these do help at the ground level (Bertrand et al., 2004). Researchers of poverty in urban and rural settings work tirelessly to describe the various ways in which the poor live in those communities (e.g., Edin & Lein, 1997; Ehrenreich, 2001; Jensen & Eggebeen, 1994; Nelson & Smith, 1998, 1999; Newman, 1999; Stack, 1974; Tickamyer & Wood, 1998; Venkatesh, 2000). Lewis (1959) argued that the poor share a common culture that cuts across regional, rural-urban, and national borders. In contrast, Harrington (1962) argued that this common culture consists only of the products and causes of poverty. In the United States, evidence suggests a disproportion of diversity and cultural norms in different poverty settings. Sherman (2006) argued that within rural communities, the choices of the poor influence their survival and community existence through the creation or reduction of moral capital, a form of symbolic capital based on apparent moral worth. As such, financially balanced coping strategies in urban settings may be socially and economically irrational in rural areas (Sherman, 2006). Moreover, as Fischer (1975) established, rural settings differ substantially from urban ones, since urban settings offer a greater range of survival strategies suitable for separate subcultural spheres. Lamont (2000) stated that morality can force people of low socioeconomic status to locate themselves above others of similar or higher status. Sayer (2000, 2004) argued that the moral criteria social groups use
Therefore, it is important to measure whether the structure and content of communication flow homogeneously within networks accessible to the poor (Frenzen & Nakamoto, 1993). The problems of poverty and deprivation are complex and may not be solved with good policies and efficient markets, although these do help at the ground level (Bertrand et al., 2004). Researchers of poverty in urban and rural settings work tirelessly to describe the various ways in which the poor live in those communities (e.g., Edin & Lein, 1997; Ehrenreich, 2001; Jensen & Eggebeen, 1994; Nelson & Smith, 1998, 1999; Newman, 1999; Stack, 1974; Tickamyer & Wood, 1998; Venkatesh, 2000). Lewis (1959) argued that the poor share a common culture that cuts across regional, rural-urban, and national borders. In contrast, Harrington (1962) argued that this common culture consists only of the products and causes of poverty. In the United States, evidence suggests a disproportion of diversity and cultural norms in different poverty settings. Sherman (2006) argued that within rural communities, the choices of the poor influence their survival and community existence through the creation or reduction of moral capital, a form of symbolic capital based on apparent moral worth. As such, financially balanced coping strategies in urban settings may be socially and economically irrational in rural areas (Sherman, 2006). Moreover, as Fischer (1975) established, rural settings differ substantially from urban ones, since urban settings offer a greater range of survival strategies suitable for separate subcultural spheres. Lamont (2000) stated that morality can force people of low socioeconomic status to locate themselves above others of similar or higher status. Sayer (2000, 2004) argued that the moral criteria social groups use