1. Theory: In this paper Inglehart and Norris are trying to explain two theories: the reason for mass support of populism is the economic inequality perspective and cultural backlash thesis suggests populism is a reaction against progressive culture change (p. 1, 2). This paper is set up in five different parts: part one is the theoretical framework, part two is using a survey to identify ideological locations of 268 political parties in 31 European countries, part three is comparing European party competition at the national level, part four is using a social survey to look economic insecurity and cultural values as a predictor of voting for populist parties, and part five is summarizing the key findings (p. 1). In this paper they work with
