Inorder to maintain homeostasis and get back normal blood glucose levels, renal tubular filration of glucose must the intensed thereby kidney elimination of glucose reduces to bring the PH to normal as lactic acid has the ability to accumulate more H+ ions. These H+ ions must be…
Results: Distinguishing the Interactions in the Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate Binding Site of Human Liver Pyruvate Kinase that Contribute to Allostery The overall design of the experiment involved two ways in which protein activation could be altered, in this case, the activation of the human liver pyruvate kinase (hL-PYK). One of the methods used to alter activation was to use effector molecules other than fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (Fru-1,6-BP), which may have the ability to attach to the allosteric site of the hL-PYK, leading to an increase or decrease in protein activity. The second method was to enhance mutations on specific parts of the hL-PYK enzyme itself to see how it interacted with Fru-1,6-BP. Inducing mutations to areas located near the allosteric site of hL-PYK can alter the binding affinity…
Oxidative phosphorylation is the aerobic process where carbohydrates, fats, and protein are broken down to produce ATP. On the other hand, glycolysis is an anaerobic process which means it does not use oxygen. This process converts glucose into pyruvate, then converted into acetyl CoA or lactate. If oxygen is not present or a very small amount, the lactic acid cycle begins and three molecules of ATP are produced. The end to this process causes soreness and fatigue.…
Hereditary fructose intolerance is a serious mutation that many people suffer from. The first paragraph will be stating a description of the disease, major causes of this mutation and the symptoms of this disorder. The second paragraph states the tests used to diagnose this disorder, how the disorder is treated and other contributors to this disorder. The third and final paragraph will be stating how exactly it is to live with this disease, how often this disorder occurs and whether this mutation of the genes is positive, negative, or neutral. First, “Hereditary fructose intolerance is an inborn error of fructose metabolism caused by a deficiency of the enzyme adolase B; individuals affected with Hereditary Fructose Intolerance (HFI) are…
Pharmacodynamics refers to the relationship between drug concentration at the site of action and the resulting effect, including the time course and intensity of therapeutic and adverse effects (Ashp.org, 2015). Folic acid is required as a one-carbon donator in the de novo synthesis of nucleoproteins and in maintaining sufficient erythropoiesis. Co-factors of folic acid in the form of tetrahydrofolate participate in transformation reactions, with one of these essential reactions producing deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP), one of three enzymes involved in the synthesis of thymidine, a nucleic acid of DNA. This reaction is achieved by thymidylate synthase catalyzing the transfer of the one-carbon unit of N5, N10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to…
For so many people, genetic disorders are a major issue and can cause many emotional and physical problems. One genetic disorder is Celiac, this is a disorder in which your small intestines are not able to work properly. This disease was discovered when some men were digging and found a woman that had died from a problem in her small intestines. They discovered Celiac about 2000 years ago. During 250 A.D the doctors called this disease “ koliakos” this means “suffering in the bowls” in greek.…
Familial Hypercholesterolemia is a genetic disorder, which means that it is a disorder that is carried on from someone's biological paternal and/or maternal link, that causes low-density lipoprotein to increase. Lipoprotein – abbreviated LDL – is known as the bad cholesterol that increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. Taken from its roots, it means that it is a genetically active disorder that leads to the elevated levels of cholesterol in the human body. This disorder affects about 1 in 500 people and cause a sudden and fast increase in total cholesterol levels, as well as many biochemical problems in the body. People who are diagnosed with and have Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) carry a risk that is twenty times greater than an average person to have heart disease.…
Between thirty to fifty million Americans are considered to be lactose intolerant. Lactose intolerance is a common chronic digestive disorder in which a person’s intestinal tract lacks the ability to make lactase. It results from a drop in or disruption of the production of lactase in the small intestine. The small intestine is a primary part of the digestive system, and is the longest part of the gastrointestinal tract and makes up about three quarters of the digestive system. It is a hollow tube like organ that connects to the stomach one end and the large intestine on the other.…
Inborn errors of metabolism are a group of rare disorders characterized by metabolic pathway abnormalities. One such disorder is Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) otherwise known as Branched-chain Ketoaciduria, a dangerous condition in which over saturation of amino acids in the blood can lead to toxicity progressing to encephalopathy, neurodegeneration, coma or respiratory failure (Haldeman-Englert, 2015). MSUD results from a malfunction of the branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCKD) (Kniffin, 2013). This complex produces enzymes necessary for the proper breakdown of common amino acids such as valine, leucine, and isoleucine, are found most abundantly in protein rich foods (Strauss et.…
The obesity rates in America has increased over the past 20 years and studies have found that drinking large amounts of sugar-sweetened beverages affects, children especially, the risk of obesity. HFCS is a “high-fructose” corn syrup and sucrose is table sugar which came from sugar beets, they also contain nearly equal proportion of smaller glucose and fructose sugars. Both HFCS and sucrose differs in the amount of fructose that is contained in each, but are almost equally in being chemically equivalent. Dr. Robert Lustig implies that overconsumption of too much fructose over time can cause metabolic syndrome, a cluster of disorders, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and fatty liver disease which are some of the major diseases mentioned.…
The job of the human body’s immune system is to fight against infection by detecting and destroying foreign bacteria and viruses, usually to much success. However, the immune system isn’t perfect, and can make mistakes. Sometimes, the immune system confuses a friendly part of the body for a pathogen, and begins attacking its own cells (Petrov, 2011). When these events occur, the body has contracted what is known as an autoimmune disorder. Autoimmune disorders have been rapidly growing problems in today’s society, and a great deal of importance has been put towards understanding both their causes, and treatments.…
Hereditary fructose intolerance was first noticed and reported in an adult woman in 1956 by Chambers and Pratt (HFI). Chambers and Pratt observed that the woman started having faintness, nausea and abdominal pain after consuming fructose and sugar (HFI). However, those symptoms disappeared when the woman ate glucose instead (HFI). After a series of testings with different sugars, Chambers and Pratt believed that this woman was “idiosyncrasy to fructose”, but they never thought it would be hypoglycemia caused by fructose (HFI). Hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) is an autosomal recessive disorder, so carriers probably do not even notice this disorder until they have an affected baby with another carrier (biochemistry basis).…
The government states there is nothing wrong with high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (n.d.) then , what was wrong with me? Oh yes, how did I get on a healthier path when I eliminated it from my diet?…
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from lack of insulin, the insulin produced is ineffective, or both. There are three types of diabetes mellitus: type 1 known as insulin dependent mellitus, which is the pancreas not producing insulin. Type 2 known as non-insulin dependent mellitus, which is the pancreas is able to produce some insulin but the cells are rejecting it. Gestational diabetes which is manifested during pregnancy. Within these three different types of diabetes type 1 is autoimmune and type 2 is usually found in obese people over 40 years old.…
The glucose is then released into the circulation for use by body cells. It stimulates the liver to take up amino acids from the blood and convert them into glucose. This response is known as…