Abstract: The aim of the study is to test the hypothesis that CBT with exposure is better than CBT without exposure at decreasing avoidance and decreasing Agoraphobic symptoms in adults with PD. The results of these studies suggest that data on baseline fear and avoidance can provide compelling prognostic information regarding the conditions under which intensive treatment for PDA is most effective. Regarding the frequency of panic attacks, 68% of the patients showed improvement from pre- to post-treatment, while 6% had deteriorated. From post-treatment to follow-up, 24% showed further improvement, while 8% had deteriorated. In order to treat avoidance in Agoraphobia, the findings demonstrate that treatment delivery factors are relevant to
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“Agoraphobia is characterized as a phobic anxiety in situations where escape can be difficult or embarrassing. Examples of these situations include wide-open spaces, crowded places, shopping malls and public transportation” (A. Whittmann et al, 2385). Patients often expect and worry about having panic attacks or panic-like symptoms, such as a pounding heart or accelerated heart rate, sweating, a feeling of choking, chest pain, dizziness and a fear of dying (A. Whittmann et al, 2014). The average age of onset for adults is 20 years old (Kessler).
The 12-month Prevalence of Agoraphobia is 0.8% of the U.S. adult population and 40.6% of these cases (0.3% of U.S. adult population) are classified as “severe” (Kessler). This study will focus on the symptoms of Agoraphobia in adults with Panic Disorder. According to the DSM-5, the most prominent diagnostic criterion for panic disorder is recurrent unexpected panic attacks. The DSM-5 describes a panic attack as “an abrupt surge of intense fear or intense discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes” (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Panic disorder with agoraphobia is characterized by panic attacks and anxiety in situations where escape might be difficult (A. Whittmann et …show more content…
Results showed that self-reports of avoidance of specific situations were often had a significant correlation with the anticipation of panic but rarely with the occurrence of panic (Cox, et al., 1991). Panic occurrence and anticipation were also often associated with social phobic situations in addition to agoraphobic situations (Cox, et al., 1991). In this study, under-predictions of fear led to increases in predicted fear of the situation, whereas over-predictions of fear led to decreases in predicted fear of the situation (Cox, et al., 1991). This study connects to the current study because it seeks to find the connection between avoidance and panic attacks. In this study, participants with PD were avoidant of situations that were often correlated with panic
“Agoraphobia is characterized as a phobic anxiety in situations where escape can be difficult or embarrassing. Examples of these situations include wide-open spaces, crowded places, shopping malls and public transportation” (A. Whittmann et al, 2385). Patients often expect and worry about having panic attacks or panic-like symptoms, such as a pounding heart or accelerated heart rate, sweating, a feeling of choking, chest pain, dizziness and a fear of dying (A. Whittmann et al, 2014). The average age of onset for adults is 20 years old (Kessler).
The 12-month Prevalence of Agoraphobia is 0.8% of the U.S. adult population and 40.6% of these cases (0.3% of U.S. adult population) are classified as “severe” (Kessler). This study will focus on the symptoms of Agoraphobia in adults with Panic Disorder. According to the DSM-5, the most prominent diagnostic criterion for panic disorder is recurrent unexpected panic attacks. The DSM-5 describes a panic attack as “an abrupt surge of intense fear or intense discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes” (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Panic disorder with agoraphobia is characterized by panic attacks and anxiety in situations where escape might be difficult (A. Whittmann et …show more content…
Results showed that self-reports of avoidance of specific situations were often had a significant correlation with the anticipation of panic but rarely with the occurrence of panic (Cox, et al., 1991). Panic occurrence and anticipation were also often associated with social phobic situations in addition to agoraphobic situations (Cox, et al., 1991). In this study, under-predictions of fear led to increases in predicted fear of the situation, whereas over-predictions of fear led to decreases in predicted fear of the situation (Cox, et al., 1991). This study connects to the current study because it seeks to find the connection between avoidance and panic attacks. In this study, participants with PD were avoidant of situations that were often correlated with panic