Chronic Chest Diseases
Pathogenesis of chronic chest diseases Patients with chronic respiratory diseases undergo a downhill course due to persistent airway and parenchymal inflammation and tissue destruction. There is gradual increase in breathlessness on exertion and reduction in functional exercise capacity. Obliteration of the normal architecture of the lungs increases work of breathing and makes them more susceptible to infections. Increased secretions due to continuous infections and inflammation impair gas exchange resulting in hypoxia and free radical injury during rest and activity (Gan et al., 2004).
In bronchial asthma, the recurrent hypoxemia and the release of different mediators and cytokines may cause chronic …show more content…
They are used as alternative, but not preferred, medication for patients requiring step 2 care. They also can be used as preventive treatment before exercise or unavoidable exposure to known allergens.
3- Immunomodulators as Omalizumab is a monoclonal antibody that prevents binding of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) to the high-affinity receptors on basophils and mast cells.
4-Leukotriene modifiers Interfere with the pathway of leukotriene mediators, which are released from mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils. These medications include leukotiene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) (montelukast and zafirlukast) and a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor (zileuton).
5-Long acting B agonists (LABAs) (salmeterol and formoterol) are inhaled bronchodilators that have duration of bronchodilation of at least 12 hours after a single dose. LABAs are used in combination with ICSs for long-term control and prevention of symptoms in moderate or severe persistent asthma. LABA may be used before exercise to prevent exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB).
6- Methylxanthines: Sustained-release theophylline is a mild to moderate bronchodilator used as alternative, not preferred, therapy for step 2 care (for mild persistent asthma) or as adjunctive therapy with ICS in
Pathogenesis of chronic chest diseases Patients with chronic respiratory diseases undergo a downhill course due to persistent airway and parenchymal inflammation and tissue destruction. There is gradual increase in breathlessness on exertion and reduction in functional exercise capacity. Obliteration of the normal architecture of the lungs increases work of breathing and makes them more susceptible to infections. Increased secretions due to continuous infections and inflammation impair gas exchange resulting in hypoxia and free radical injury during rest and activity (Gan et al., 2004).
In bronchial asthma, the recurrent hypoxemia and the release of different mediators and cytokines may cause chronic …show more content…
They are used as alternative, but not preferred, medication for patients requiring step 2 care. They also can be used as preventive treatment before exercise or unavoidable exposure to known allergens.
3- Immunomodulators as Omalizumab is a monoclonal antibody that prevents binding of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) to the high-affinity receptors on basophils and mast cells.
4-Leukotriene modifiers Interfere with the pathway of leukotriene mediators, which are released from mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils. These medications include leukotiene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) (montelukast and zafirlukast) and a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor (zileuton).
5-Long acting B agonists (LABAs) (salmeterol and formoterol) are inhaled bronchodilators that have duration of bronchodilation of at least 12 hours after a single dose. LABAs are used in combination with ICSs for long-term control and prevention of symptoms in moderate or severe persistent asthma. LABA may be used before exercise to prevent exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB).
6- Methylxanthines: Sustained-release theophylline is a mild to moderate bronchodilator used as alternative, not preferred, therapy for step 2 care (for mild persistent asthma) or as adjunctive therapy with ICS in