Adrenal insufficiency

Glucocorticoid are primarily used therapeutically as anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agent. They are secreted from the adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland in a circadian manner or in response to stress perceived by the brain. They are able to modulate physiological homeostasis and coordinate those adaptive responses to stressors. An imbalance in glucocorticoid levels, specifically chronic glucocorticoid has been associated with a number of neuropsychiatric disorders, specifically…

You’re hiking through the woods when all of a sudden you hear a stick crack. You look cautiously around for the hazard, but you see no one. Your heart starts racing. You begin to sweat. Your mouth dries and you feel butterflies in your stomach. Your hair stands on end. You feel a surge of energy and in a split second you find yourself running away from the noise. Whether you’re aware of it or not, your body just went through a response known as the fight or flight response also known as the…

of fats into glucose. Whereas undergoing acute stress, starts with the sympathetic nervous system. Here the hypothalamus shoots nerve impulses into the spinal cord, which then travels to the preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers, and finally the adrenal medulla which promotes catecholamines such as epinephrine. One might experience a rise in blood pressure and heart rate, relaxation of the bladder, and glucose to enter into the…

Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a condition which affects the ability of adrenal glands to produce adrenaline and myelin, which insulates the nerves in the brain and spinal cord. This diminishes the ability of the brain to communicate effectively with the rest of the nerves. This condition was initially identified in the early 1900s and was originally called Schilder-Addison disease (2). The cause of this condition originates in the peroxisomes, which are tiny structures in the cell which assist…

Introduction Adrenaline refers to a natural stimulant created in the medulla in the adrenal organs. And also partly by certain parts of the central nervous system's neurons. In a few minutes time amid a distressing circumstance, adrenaline is immediately discharged into the blood, sending impulses through the autonomous nervous system to organs to make a particular reaction, for instance the production of sweat and saliva, pupil dilation and heart rate. It is responsible for the human…

Cushing syndrome refers to the complex clinical manifestations resulting from chronic exposure to excess cortisol. Cushing disease is overproduction of pituitary ACTH by a pituitary adenoma (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2014, p. 754-755). Cushing’s disease is defined by Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) hypersecretion, induced by a corticotrophic adenoma, leading to cortisol and androgen hypersecretion. Cushing’s disease may lead to death if untreated; it is responsible for increased…

Ingle and his team set up a series of experiments in order to better understand the working relationship between the pituitary and adrenal glands. They hypothesized that the release of cortin from the adrenal cortex was regulated by the anterior lobe of the pituitary. At the time, it was established that treating animals with high doses of cortin caused the adrenal cortex to regress, and that the same effect was also observed when mice were hypophysectomized. Dr. Ingle organized six…

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is the overdevelopment of the adrenal glands from birth. In a healthy person, cortisol is used to decrease the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone. ACTH is used by the pituitary gland which stimulates the adrenal gland. However, people with CAH have a genetic limitation where they are unable to produce correct amounts of cortisol. Without cortisol to exert a negative feedback on ACTH, it continues to be secreted causing the adrenal gland to secrete larger…

illness. 2.) Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla are, epinephrine or also known as adrenaline. This hormone responds to stress by increasing your heart rate and rushing blood to the muscles and brain. It also raises your blood sugar level by helping convert…

known as adrenalin in the form of epinephrine from the postganglionic axons into the blood stream. The epinephrine is distributed into the circulatory system where it is distributed throughout the body. The epinephrine will travel to different places of the body and have different responses where ever it goes. Also epinephrine does not go into the cells of the body it only binds to the surface of cells by attaching to protein of cells. When it reaches the liver it binds to proteins and then…