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218 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Phylum Onychophora
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-represents an evolutionary link between annelids and arthopods
-has a stiff cuticle -lacks segmented appendages |
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there are more ___ than any other kind of animal
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arthopods
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arthopods similarities with annelids
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-metameric but have often lost and fused segments (segmentation is less regular)
-their serially homologous appendages show extensive modification -have trochophore larva |
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arthopods have a ___ vascular system
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open
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the key innovation to the arthopods evolutionary success
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the jointed exoskeleton
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the exoskeleton of arthopods
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-a jointed, chitinous, exoskeleton of hard plates, separated by flexible membranes
-provides protection, mechanical rigidity, and joints that permit complex movements driven by muscles |
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limitations imposed by exoskeletons
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restrict growth and gas exchange
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ecdysis
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the evolution of the exoskeleton molting
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adaptations used by arthopods to compensate for the disadvantages of exoskeletons
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-ecdysis
-complex gas exchange organs (gills, book lungs, and tracheal systems) |
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the sexuality of arthopods
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diocious (separate sexes)
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metamorphosis
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development that occurs in stages with dramatic changes in body form
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the major sub-phylums of phylum anthropoda
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sub-phylum trilobita
sub-phylum chelicerata sub-phylum crustacea sub-phylum uniramia |
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the major classes of sub-phylum chelicerata
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class pycnogonida (sea spiders)
class arachnida (spiders, scorpians, mites, ticks) class merostomata (water scorpians, horseshoe crabs |
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major classes of sub-phylum crustacea
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class maxillopoda (coepods, ostracods, barnacles)
class malacostraca (CRABS: isopods, amphipods, decapods) |
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major classes of sub-phylum uniramia
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class diplopoda (millipedes)
class chilopoda (centipedes) class insecta (insects) |
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defining characteristics of sub-phylum Chelicerata
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-chelicerae (small pincer-like feeding appendages often modified to suck body fluids out of captured prey)
-body divided into cephalothorax and abdomen -have no antennae |
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defining characteristics of sub-phylum crustacea
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-mandibles (used to process food)
-a series of biramous appendages -two pairs of antennae |
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the basal segment of sub-phylum crustacea
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-called protopodite
-splits into a lateral exopodite and a medial endopodite |
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statocyst
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a gravity receptor (equillibrium)
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serially homologous appendages
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appendages that occur in sequence and develop at the same time
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biramous appendages
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having two branches
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why might serial homolgy with modification be important in the evolution of arthopods?
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its a simple evolutionary path to design serial homology appendages
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what is the function of the gastric mill
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mastication structure, breaks down food
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what class do sea spiders belong to?
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pycnogonida
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which body segment bears the legs on a spider?
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cephalothorax
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what are the defining characteristics of sub-phylum uniramia?
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-having a single pair of antennae
-mandibles -uniramous appendages |
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what are the classes of sub-phylum uniramia?
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class diplopoda (milipedes)
class chilopoda (centipedes) class insecta (insects) |
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what are part of class lepidoptera
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moths and butterflies
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what are part of class diptera
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two winged flies, mosquitoes
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what are part of class coleoptera
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beetles
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what are part of class orthoptera
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grasshoppers, crickets, mantids, roaches
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what are part of class hymenoptera
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wasps, ants, bee's
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what are part of class hemiptera
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bedbugs, water bugs
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what are part of class homoptera
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cicadas, leaf hoppers, aphids
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what are part of class odonata
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damselfies, dragonflies
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what are part of class ephemeroptera
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mayflies
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what are part of class blattodea
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cockroaches
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what are part of class neuroptera
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lace wings, dobsonflies, ant lions
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what is a uniramous appendage?
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an appendage that exists as a single branch
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what is the function of the sensory cerci on a grasshopper?
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attachment for mating and to feel and be able to connect with mates
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metamorphosis
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a sharp change in form during post-embryonic development
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the "bug" (hemiptera) type of metamorphosis
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incomplete
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the most dramatic metamorphosis
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complete
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what is the adaptive significance of metamorphosis in insects?
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-the appearance of wings (BIGGEST REASON)
-reduces competition between stages |
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elytra
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hard forewings with extra chiten (tough) protective covers of class coleoptera
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halteres
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2nd pair of wings (knobbed structures), gyroscopic stabilizers (like tail roters on helicopters) (diptera)
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defining characteristics of phylum echinodermata
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-and endoskeleton of calcareous plates (ossicles) lying in the mesoderm and covered by the epidermal layer
-a water-vascular system that arises from the coelom -secondary pentaradial symmetry -bipinnaria larvae |
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what does phylum hemichordata share with the chordates
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-deuterostomous development
-pharyngeal gills |
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defining characteristics of phylum chordata
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-pharyngeal gill slits
-a notochord -a single, hollow, dorsal, tubular nerve cord -a post-anal tail -segmentally arranged bands of muscle called myotomes |
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the subphylums of phylum chordata
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-sub-phylum Urochordata (tunicates or sea squirts)
-sub-phylum cephalochordata (lancelets) -sub-phylum vertebrata (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals) |
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superclasses of sub-phylum vertebrata
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-superclass myxinomorphi (jawless fishes-hagfish)
-superclass petromyzontomorphi (jawless fishes-lampreys) -superclass gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates) |
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classes of superclass gnathostomata (jawed vetebrates)
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-class chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes-sharks)
-class actinopterygii (bony fishes) -class amphibia -class reptilia -class aves -class mammalia |
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defining characteristics of sub-phlyum cephalochordata
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-no paired appendages
-use cilia to feed -notochord extends all the way to the head |
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do lamprey or hagfish have true teeth?
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no. its has oral suckers lined with abrasive denticles to cut into its host.
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where did the jaws of gnathostomata evolve from?
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the cartilagionus gill arches of the jawless fish
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what type of skeleton is found in echinoderms?
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endoskeleton
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what kind of symmetry is found in echinoderms?
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secondary pentaradial symmetry
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how do adults ascidians (turicates) feed?
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water is brought in by the incurrent siphon, food trapped in mucous net, carried by cilia to stomach and intestine
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how do the cephalochordates get their names?
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the notochord extends all the way to the head
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what characterisitcs distinguish the cephalochordates from the urochordates?
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-diagnostic chordate characteristics persist in adults
-notocord extends all the way to the head |
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how does amphioxus (an immature lancelet) feed?
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cilia
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how are organisms in the class chondrichthyes distiguished from those in class actinopterygii?
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-bony skeletons
-gills covered with operculum |
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all terrestrial (non-fish) vetebrates
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tetrapods
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tetrapods that must lay eggs in or near water to prevent the eggs from desiccating and have an aquatic larval stage
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anamniotes
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the major orders of class amphibia
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order gymnophiona (legless amphibians)
order caudata (salamanders, newts) order anura (frogs and toads) |
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major orders of class reptilia
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order testudines (turtles)
order crocodilia (crocodiles) order squamata (lizards and snakes) |
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herpetologists use __, __, and __ features to understand the ecology and behavior of reptiles
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skull, eye, and limb
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the first vetebrates to take advantage of the terrestrial lifestyle
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amphibians
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__ are tied to a moist environment
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amphibians
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important adaptations of amniotes
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-adaptations for water conservation
-amniotic egg |
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what are the major differences in metamorphosis between frogs and salamaders?
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salamanders keep their tails
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carapace (turtle)
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the top (ventral) portion
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the plastron (turtle)
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the bottom (dorsal) surface
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how many occipital condyles do reptiles have?
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1
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what does the arrangement of the nares (nostrils) and eyes enable the alligator to do?
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to stay mostly submerged and still breath and see
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what does the snout of crocodilia indicate about diet?
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the more narrow the snout, the smaller the prey
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what is meant by "kinetic skull"?
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no dermal bone, they can move their appendages
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do all lizards have legs?
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no
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how do snakes move
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pushing off with their sides (serpentine motion)
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what effect does the type of substate have on snake locomotion
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the rougher the substance, the better movment
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the distinguishing features of birds
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-scales modified into feathers
-forelimbs modified for flight -lightweight skeletons -endothermy (to sustain high levels of muscular activity |
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what provides ornithologists about information on the diet and ecology of birds?
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the beaks and feet
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what characterizes mammals?
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-having hair
-a muscular diaphragm -two occipital condyles -seven cervical vetebrae -specialized skin glands -endothermy -diphyodont teeth -four chambered hearts -viviparity -a single lower jaw bone |
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what provides mammalogists with information about the diet and ecology of animals?
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the skulls and teeth
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what are the major orders of class aves?
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-order anseriformes (waterfowl)
-order falconiformes (raptors) -order galliformes (land fowl) -order gruiformes (cranes and rails) -order columbiformes (pigeons and doves -order charadriformes (shore birds) -order strigiformes (owls) -order piciformes (wood peckers) -order passeriformes (perching birds (crows)) |
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what are the major orders of class mammalia? (11)
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-order monotremata (monotromes-playapus)
-order marsupiala (marsupials) -order xenarthra (sloths, anteaters, armadillos) -order rodentia (rodents) -order lagomorpha (rabbits, hares, pikas) -order carnivora (carnivores) -order artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates-pig) -order primates (primates) -order chiroptera (bats) -order perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulate) |
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what single synapomorphy unites birds?
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feathers
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what are the three major groups of mammalia?
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the monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals
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the part of the skull that encloses the brain in mammals
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the cranium
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the lower jaw of mammals (the mandible) is made up of __
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two fused dentary bones
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mammals teeth are __
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thecodont
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thecodont teeth
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set into sockets in the dentary bone
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mammologists use the __ to express the number and type of teeth found in a given mammal.
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dental formula
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the only way to distinguish between premolars and molars in mammals
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to have both young and adult skulls
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premolars are __ where as molars come in only once in a mammals life.
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deciduous
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mammals teeth are __
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heterodont (having different shaped teeth)
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mammals that tend to have small, sharply pointed teeth to pierce insect exoskeletons
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insectivores
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tend to have small incisors, long and pointed canines, and searing cheek teeth (premolars and molars), to snip and cut meat
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carnivores
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may lack canines and upper incisors but cheek teeth are prominent, broad and rigid, to nip and then grind plant material
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herbivores
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have chisel-like incisors, no canines, varying cheek teeth. there is usually a diastema, or space between the incisors and cheek teeth
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gnawing herbivores
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all teeth nearly the same size, flattened molars, diastema
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omnivores
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what are two major adaptations of amniotes?
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water conservation adaptations and an amniotic egg
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what usually is in a gizzard of a bird?
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pebbles
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what is the function of the gizzard?
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mastication
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what is the function of the crop
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temporary storage of food
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what characteristics can be used to describe the bird skeleton
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-hollow with supports
-loss or fusion of bones |
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how many occipital condyles do birds have?
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1
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what does the number of occipital condyles in birds tell us about who their closest relatives were?
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reptiles
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pectoralis muscles (birds)
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lowers the wing
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supracoracoideus muscle (birds)
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raises the wings
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where do the pectoralis and supracoracoideus muscles attach?
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the keel of the sternum and humerous
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what are the advantages of fusion?
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-the bones are stronger
-more SA for muscle attachment |
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what are the disadvantages of the fusion of skeletal bones in birds?
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restricted movement
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what is the function of contour feathers and where are they found?
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-acts as a barrier
-along the external surface |
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what is the function of filoplume feathers and where are they found?
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-sensory (tactile)
-concentrated near the beak but are found all over the body |
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what is the purpose of down feathers and where are they found?
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-insulation
-highest density in the breast |
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2 types of feet and beak shapes
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-generalized (relative to a chicken)
-raptorial |
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teeth found only in carnivores, premolar and molar teeth that sheer past each other to slice meat
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carnassials
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what are some differences between horns and antlers?
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-antlers grow back and are lost every year
-antlers are branched -antlers are mostly found in males |
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what types of animals have horns?
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bovids
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what types of animals have antlers?
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cervids
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what types of animals have whiskers
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-nocturnal animals
-burrowers |
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what type of mammals have claws?
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diggers, carnivores, climbers
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what living mammal has the largest claw (by mass).
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giant armadillo
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what is the largest land mammal to have ever lived?
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indricotherium
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what is the significance of the monotremes
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-they are an evolutionary pathway between mammals and reptiles
-b/c its a mammal that lays reptile-like eggs |
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what is a perching tendon?
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flexor tendons that lock automatically when birds knees are bent and do not unlock until knees are unbent
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explain the seemingly odd wing muscle attatchment of birds
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better muscle attatchment, has tendon that allows ventral muscle to raise wing
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why do many biologists hate house sparrows?
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-they are an invasive species (out-compete native species)
-they are exotics (non-native species) |
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-photoreceptor cells of crustaceans (crawfish) found in eye
-similar to human photoreceptor cells -made up of the facet, cornea, crystalline cone, and retinula |
Ommatidia
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five types of appendages of a crawdad:
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-maxilliped (near mouth)
-cheliped (pinchers) -walking legs (perepods) (legs on the thorax) -swimmerets (legs on the abdomen) -uropod (fin like end attatchments) |
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major orders of class insecta
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-lepidoptera
-diptera -coleoptera -orthoptera -hymnoptera -hemiptera -homoptera -odonata -ephemeroptera -blattodea -neuroptera |
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the opening to the water vascular system in sea stars (phylum echinodermata)
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madreporite
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the digestive glands of sea stars (phylum echinodermata)
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pyloric cecae
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what kind of teeth do sharks have?
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true teeth (dermal in origin)
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how many gill slits do lampreys have?
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7-9
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how many gill slits do sharks have?
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5-7
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how many gill slits does a perch have?
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none. they are covered by bony opercula
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what type of scales do lamprey have?
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none
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what kind of scales do sharks have?
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placoid
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what kind of scales do perch have?
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cycloid, ctenoid, and ganoid
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how is the lampreys tail shaped?
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diphycercal
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how is the sharks tail shaped?
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heterocercal
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how is the perches tail shaped?
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homocercal
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what type of fins do lamprey have?
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-caudal
-posterior dorsal -anterior dorsal |
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what type of fins do sharks have?
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-caudal
-posterior dorsal -anterior dorsal -pectoral -pelvic |
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what type of fins do perch have?
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-caudal
-posterior dorsal -anterior dorsal -pectoral -pelvic -anal (rudder) |
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what type of skeleton do lampreys have?
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cartilanginous
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what type of skeleton do sharks have?
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cartilaginous
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how do lampreys regulate buoyancy? (how do they maintain position in the water column
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must swim
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how do sharks regulate buoyancy? (how do they maintain position in the water column)
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-squalence in liver
-heterocercal tail pushes head up -manipulate fin positions |
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how do perch regulate buoyancy? (how do they maintain position in the water column
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swim bladder!!!
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what houses the statocyst in crawfish?
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the antennule, a thin sac attached to the dorsal wall, as it moves, small grains of sand stimulate sensitive hairs
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mastication organ of sea urchins
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aristotles lantern
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holes in the exoskeleton (look like dimples) on insects (used for respiration)
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spiricles
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stringy structures coming off of viscera into exoskeleton in insects, system of branching tubes (used in respiration)
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trachea
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why are echinoderms thought to be closely related to the chordates?
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because they are deuterostomes
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echinodermata larvae that do not have a water-vascular system and are bilaterally symmetrical
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bipinnaria
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what kind of feet shape do order piciformes (woodpeckers) have?
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zygodactyl
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what does the metazoan body consist of?
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-cells
-body fluids -extracellular structural elements |
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different cell types form organized masses or layers called ___.
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tissues
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may be intracellular such that which makes up the cytoplasm, or extracellular such that makes up blood, lymph, or interstitial spaces
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body fluids
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either fibrous or formless elements that support the surrounding tissues
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extracellular structural elements
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unicellular organisms
-all functions are carried out by organelles confined within one cell -not included in k. anamalia but have some animal-like-features (amoeba) |
protoplasmic organization
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-cell aggregations
-division of labor among cells but no tissues (sponges) |
cellular grade
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what kind of symmetry do animals with cellular grade organization have?
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NONE!!!
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-cells are aggregated into layers called tissues
-animals with this have a central mouth but without heads tend to have radial symmetry (cnidarians) |
cell-tissue grade
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-tissues of different types are aggregated into special organs
-organisms tend to have bilateral symmetry and cephalization (platyhimenthes |
tissue-organ grade
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-organs are coordinated into systems that work together
-most animals have this complex level of organization |
organ-system grade
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the principle covering of animals is the ___.
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single-layered epidermis
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what kind of integument do nematodes have?
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a non-cellular living cuticle over the epidermis
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what kind of integument do molluscs have?
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a soft epidermis with mucous cells and other gands
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what kind of integument do arthopods have?
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a chitinous exoskeleton
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what kind of integument do chordates have?
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a thin epithelial layer (epidermis) and a thicker inner layer (dermis)
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what do skeletons provide?
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-rigidity for an animals body
-a surface for muscle attachment -protection of internal organs |
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two types of rigid skeletons
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-exoskeletons
-endoskeletons |
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the two divisions of the vetebrate skeleton
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-axial (skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs)
-appendicular skeleton (limbs and pectoral and pelvic girdle) |
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4 kinds of epithelial tissues
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-squamous
-cubodial -columnar -stratified |
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4 kinds of connective tissue
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-loose (areolar)
-adipose -cartilage -bone |
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three kinds of muscle tissues
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-skeletal
-smooth -cardiac |
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two types of reproductive tissues
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-ovary
-testis |
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locomotion where the whole foot strike the ground
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plantigrade
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locomotion where just the digits are touching the ground
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digitigrade
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locomotion on the very tips of the digits
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unguligrade
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How do sharks regulate their buoyancy?
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-squalene in the liver (oil lighter then water)
-heterocercal tail pushes head up -manipulate fins |
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reproduction in which an exact copy of the parent is formed via miotic cell division
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asexual reproduction
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reproduction in which two parents form gametes via meisosis and these unite to form a new individual
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sexual reproduction
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why is inbreeding bad?
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results in less genetic variation
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what is the purpose of reproduction?
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to create a copy of oneself
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what are the main advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction?
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not needing to seek out mates but there is no genetic recombination
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an animal that has male and female phases of their life
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sequentially hermaphroditic
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the single cell all animals begin as
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fertilized ovum
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protosome development
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-the blastophore becomes the mouth
-there is spiral cleavage of cells in the 8 cell stage |
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deuterosome development
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-the blastophore becomes the anus and another opening becomes the mouth
-there is radial cleavage of cells in the 8 cell stage |
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a stage of embryonic development that is comprised of a solid ball consisting of 16-32 cells
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morula stage
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speciation
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the formation of new species from a common ancestor
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phylogeny
|
a geographical depiction of the evolutionary relationships among taxa
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cladistics
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a method to reconstruct phylogenies based on cladistic methods
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cladogram
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a way to view a phylogeny graphically (an evolutionary tree)
|
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what evidence can you find that Hydra can reproduce sexually as well as asexually?
|
they have gonads
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why is a hermaphroditic strategy might be a good one for an internal parasite like flukes?
|
-hard to find mates in a host (any individual you encounter of the same species is a potential mate)
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why are the morula and the blastula stages similar in size to previous and future stages?
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because you have division without growth because all energy is devoted to division
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the layer covering the inside
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endoderm
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the layer covering the outside
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ectoderm
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the layer covering the inside of the endoderm and the outside of the ectoderm
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mesoderm
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what organisms are formed by the endoderm?
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-epithelial lining of digestive system
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what organisms are formed by the mesoderm?
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-muscular system
-reproductive system -peritoneum -calcareous plates of sea stars skeletons |
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what tissues are formed by the ectoderm?
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-nervous tissue
-epitheilial tissue of body surface |
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parsimony
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the phylogeny that has the fewest number of evolutionary steps is MORE LIKELY to be true
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why are homologies more useful when building a phylogeny than homoplasies?
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because homologies give information on ancestor-descendant relationships.
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homology
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a character (e.g. "arm bones") that is found in a variety of species and is derived from a structure from a common ancestor
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homoplasy
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a character (e.g. "wings") that is found in a variety of taxa and is NOT derived from a common ancestor
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what is the most important step in creating a phylogeny?
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find out information on the ingroup (whatever your care about)
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how do immature urochordates feed?
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they don't
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what is the function of pedicellaria?
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grooming
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synapomorphies
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shared, derived characters
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clade
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a related group
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Character Polarity
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the hypothesized sequence of evolutionary transition from character state to character state
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