Zoology Lab Practical 1

Front 1

why do we use scientific drawings?

Back 1

for better attention to detail and better learning

Front 2

what are the five steps for all inferential statistics

Back 2

1. decided on appropriate stat to use
2. calculate test statistic
3. calculate degrees of freedom
4. compare test statistic to critical value in table
5. conclude

Front 3

2 kinds of stats we use

Back 3

descriptive and inferential

Front 4

descriptive statistics

Back 4

describes a sample

Front 5

inferential statisics

Back 5

makes inferences from sample back to population of interest

Front 6

null hypothesis

Back 6

the hypothesis of no difference, no change, or no affect

Front 7

P=

Back 7

the possibility of making type I error

Front 8

type I error

Back 8

something causes deviation in the experiment

Front 9

type II error

Back 9

nothing causes change. aka chance

Front 10

why do we do a T test?

Back 10

to test for the differences between two means

Front 11

why do we do a X^2 test?

Back 11

to test for differences in distribution (difference between observed and expected)

Front 12

n=

Back 12

number of observations in a sample

Front 13

N=

Back 13

number of observations in two samples being compared

Front 14

df=

Back 14

N-1

Front 15

a p value of what is an indicator of significance?

Back 15

less then or equal to .05

Front 16

adaptation

Back 16

the advantages that organisms gain from possessing a particular character

Front 17

speciation

Back 17

the generation of a new species

Front 18

evolution

Back 18

a genetic change in a population over time (any change in a populations allele frequencies)

Front 19

natural selection

Back 19

the differential survival and reproduction of phenotypes with a genetic basis

Front 20

genotypes

Back 20

different combinations of alleles

Front 21

phenotypes

Back 21

specific physical and behavioral outcomes

Front 22

frequency of an allele

Back 22

p+q=1

Front 23

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (equation)

Back 23

p^2+2pq+q^2=1

Front 24

what does the hardy-Weinberg equilibrium express

Back 24

if the conditions are met, evolution will not occur

Front 25

conditions in which a population will not evolve

Back 25

1. random mating
2. very large population size
3. no selective advantage for any allele
4. no mutation
5. no migration

Front 26

genetic drift

Back 26

random change in genotypic frequencies in a population over time

Front 27

when will genetic drift have the most impact?

Back 27

small, isolated populations

Front 28

ecology

Back 28

the study of the interactions among species and their environment, and the distribution and abundance of animals

Front 29

competition

Back 29

--

Front 30

mutualism

Back 30

++

Front 31

predation

Back 31

+-

Front 32

food web

Back 32

a diagram of an ecological community's feeding relationships

Front 33

factors of distribution

Back 33

ABIOTIC
-temperature
-water source
-geography

Front 34

factors of abundance

Back 34

BIOTIC
-predations
-competing species
-amount of food source

Front 35

ethogram

Back 35

a set of comprehensive descriptions of the characteristic behavior patterns of a species

Front 36

time budget

Back 36

a descriptive study to examine the frequency of the observed behaviors

Front 37

ad libitum sampling

Back 37

any animal, anytime, for any reason (can be biased to the more obvious or interesting behaviors)

Front 38

focal animal sampling

Back 38

particular individuals, particular behaviors, specified time.

Front 39

scan sampling

Back 39

whole group is measured for a behavior at particular intervals

Front 40

all animal sampling

Back 40

entire group is watched for usually one behavior (often used for rare behaviors)

Front 41

continuous recording

Back 41

a continuous measure of a single or multiple behaviors, accurate and intensive, but not always necessary

Front 42

time sampling recording

Back 42

behavior that is recorded periodically (useful if the behaviors are not brief, rare, or rapidly changing)

Front 43

one-zero recording

Back 43

behavior is sampled at intervals (once per minute) and during a recording period (15s)

Front 44

instantaneous recording

Back 44

same as one-zero except recording period is instantaneous

Front 45

sequence recording

Back 45

can be either continuously recorded or time sampled, but is important if the particular sequence of behavioral events is important

Front 46

the protists are a ____ group

Back 46

paraphyletic (do not come of an ancestral protist)

Front 47

characteristics that unite all protists

Back 47

1. a protoplasmic level of organization
2. eukaryotic nuclei
3. small size
4. a requirement to live in moist places at least for feeding

Front 48

what are methods of movement for the protists

Back 48

cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia

Front 49

characteristics that unite the kingdom animalia

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1. multicellular
2. heterotrophic
3. reproduce sexually (at least sometimes)
4. go through the blastula stage of embryonic development

Front 50

the three branches of kingdom animalia

Back 50

mesozoa, parazoa, and eumetazoa

Front 51

Characteristic that unite the phylum porifera (sponges)

Back 51

spicules

Front 52

pinacocytes

Back 52

flat cells, cover the inner and outer surface

Front 53

choanocytes

Back 53

collar cells, flagellated and line the incurrent and outcurrent pores.

Front 54

mesencyme (porifera)

Back 54

cells embedded in the noncellular matrix

Front 55

sponges have ___ level of organizaiton

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cellular

Front 56

how do sponges feed?

Back 56

by moving water through canals between their cells and removing suspended food particles by ENDOCYTOCIS

Front 57

asconoid sponges

Back 57

chanocytes are restircted to the spongeocoel

Front 58

synconoid sponges

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choanocytes occupy the spongeocoel and radial canals

Front 59

leuconoid sponges

Back 59

lack a spongocoel, choanocytes found throughout the sponge

Front 60

characteristics uniting phylum Cndaria (jellyfishes, sea anemones, corals, and hydras)

Back 60

1. diploblast level of tissue organization
2. radial or biradial symmetry
3. gastrovascular cavity
4. specialized cells called cnidocytes that are located on the tentacles and contain special organelles (nematocysts) that release stinging barbs

Front 61

three linings of cnidarians (from superficial to deep)

Back 61

1. epidermis
2. mesoglea
3. gastrodermis

Front 62

two body forms of phylum cnidaria

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polyp-sessile, medusa-mobile (to find mates)

Front 63

planula

Back 63

the sexually produced larval form of a cnidarian

Front 64

why do you think that the larger a sponge is, the more pores it has?

Back 64

the more it has to feed

Front 65

why might sponges need to maintain a particular shape?

Back 65

to filter feed

Front 66

what body forms are missing from scyphozoans?

Back 66

polyp

Front 67

what physical character is missing from the medusa of scyphozoans that is found in hydrozoans

Back 67

velum

Front 68

what is the adaptive use of septa

Back 68

structural support with less material (studs in a wall)

Front 69

characteristics of phylum platyhelminthes (acoelmates)

Back 69

-bilateral symmetry
-triploblastic

Front 70

the three major classes of phylum plathelminthes

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class tubellaria (flatworms)
class trematoda (flukes)
class cestoda (tapeworms)

Front 71

defining characteristics of pseudocoelomates

Back 71

1. a pseudocoelom or "false" cavity
2. an outer non-living cuticle
3. a complete digestive tract (both mouth and anus)
4. juveniles instead of larvae
5. separate sexes (DIOECIOUS)
6. a tri-radiate pharynx

Front 72

the major phylums of the Pseudocoelomates

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phylum nematoda
phylum rotifera
phylum nematomorpha
phylum acanthocephala

Front 73

taxis

Back 73

direct movement toward or away from a stimulus

Front 74

kinesis

Back 74

wandering around until you get closer to a stimulus

Front 75

why does it make sense that the gastrovacular system of tubellaria is so branched?

Back 75

so it can distribute nutrients throughout its body

Front 76

what two phyla were hosts to the parasitic flatworms?

Back 76

phylum cordata and phylum mulusca

Front 77

what is the advantage of a two-host system over a one-host system?

Back 77

it reduces competition between the different stages

Front 78

what is meant by a pseudocoelom?

Back 78

mesoderm lines the inside of ectoderm

Front 79

what is the outer covering of pseudocoelomates?

Back 79

non-living cuticle

Front 80

what purpose does the corona serve besides feeding in phylum rotifera?

Back 80

movement

Front 81

cephalization

Back 81

localization or centralization of sensory structures or nervous system

Front 82

dioecious

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separate sexs

Front 83

monoecious

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both sexs in same individual

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eucoelomated

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mesoderm lines inside of ecto and outisde of endoderm

Front 85

characteristics of mullusca

Back 85

posses a mantle (a specialized tissue that secreates a shell)
a muscular foot
a visceral mass that contains the reproductive system
metanephridia (excritory system)

Front 86

major classes of phylum mollusca

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class scaphopoda (tooth and tusk shells)
class polyplacophora (chitons)
class gastropoda (snails, slugs, limpets)
class cephalopoda (squids and octopuses)
class bivalvia (mussels and clams)

Front 87

defining characteristics of phylum annelida (the truly SEGMENTED worms)

Back 87

1. metamerism
2. a large coelom
3. a closed circulatory system
4. a well-developed nervous system

Front 88

major classes of phylum annelida (truly SEGMENTED worms)

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class plychaeta (worms with nasty pinchers)
class hirudinea (leaches)
class oligochaeta (earthworms)

Front 89

mantle

Back 89

a specialized tissue that secretes a shell, may be modified into specialized gills or lungs

Front 90

what organs are found within the visceral mass of pylum mollusca?

Back 90

the reproductive system, the digestive system, and the metanephrida (excretory system)

Front 91

do muscles have an open or closed circulatory system?

Back 91

open

Front 92

metamerism

Back 92

being composed of serially repeated parts

Front 93

what is the function of the two external suckers on leeches?

Back 93

attachment while sucking blood, some movement

Front 94

how is a leech different from a polychate?

Back 94

they entirely lack setae

Front 95

what is the purpose of the earthworms clitellum?

Back 95

used to secrete a cocoon around fertalized eggs

Front 96

parsitism

Back 96

-+

Front 97

commensalism

Back 97

0+

Front 98

animals that consume dead organic material

Back 98

decomposers

Front 99

why are there fewer consumers than producers in a community

Back 99

because lower trophic levels can only support a much smaller trophic level due to the innefficincy of energy conversion (2nd law of thermodynamics)

Front 100

why does it rain?

Back 100

clouds are made of air saturated with moisture. when that moist air becomes cold it can no longer hold that moisture so it falls.

Front 101

which direction do the arrows in a food web point?

Back 101

they diagram the flow of energy. form whatever is having its energy consumed to whatever is consuming that energy. ie tree--->beaver