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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 markers of religion
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creed (set of beliefs)
code (behaviors/morals) cult (rituals, practices) community (times, meeting, places for gathering) |
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Example of Western Tradition
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Dante's Inferno- 9 circles of hell, limbo, frozen lake (Satan, Judas, Brutus, Cassius), Eternal end
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Foundations of Western Thought
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Judaism, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
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Socrates
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philosophy, logic
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Plato
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religious experience- cave
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Aristotle
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cause/effect, deistic God
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Jewish Morality
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western ideology
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Example of Eastern Tradition
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Spirited Away- spirit behind everything, cycle of spirits, rejuvination
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Foundations of Eastern Thought
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Confucius, Lao Tzu, Hinduism
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Hinduism
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oneness, unity of universe, spiritual connection
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Confucius
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ordered relationships, emphasis on proper ways to act
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Lao Tzu
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connection to the Tao "The Way", unconcerned about gov't
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500 BCE
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Major figures: Socrates, Siddhartha Guatama, Lao Tzu, Confucius, Biblical Prophets
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Dreamtime- Aboriginal Thought
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timelessness, eternal now, 40,000 yrs ago, creative ancestors, connection btwn human/physical/sacred worlds, tribes, no writing
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Agriculture
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larger tribes, return to earth, no writing, Maori tale- moon
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Polytheism
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civilizations, rest in depths, writing- laws, trade, more organized, Greek gods, myths, complicated
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Henotheism
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city states, death- go back to own god, more traditions/stories written down, Elijah & prophets of Baal
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Monotheism
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empires, hades/sheol, writing-epics, history
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Advanced monotheism
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printing press (1500 ce), feudal nations, heaven and hell, dependence on ancient texts
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Modern
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global networking, confused about death, internet
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Roman Catholic
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1 billion, sacramental, tradition, social justice, scripture, variety of practice
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Eastern Orthodox
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300 mil, seven ecumenical councils, iconography, theosis- union w/ god
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Protestant
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3 alones (scripture, grace, faith), everyone responsible for knowledge of bible
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Central belief of Christianity
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Trinity- St. Augustine (lover, loved, love)
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Great commission
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baptize in name of father, son, holy spirit
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Five apostolic sees
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rome, constantinople, alexandria, jerusalem, antioch
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Alexandria
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rise of Arius- heretic, Jesus not divine, Peter- vision of jesus w/ torn garment, Achillas- brings arius back, Alexander- condemns arius
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Council of Nicaea
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Arius condemned, initial definition of trinity
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council of constantinople
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clarification of role of HS
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Gospels
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Mark, Matt, Luke, John
Lowest to highest Christology |
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Central components of christianity
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trinity, incarnation, kingdom of god, death/resurrection, agape
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John Calvin
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T-total depravity
U- unconditional election L- limited atonement I- irresistible grace P- predestination |
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John Bunyan
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Pilgrim's Progress, Christian journey
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Martin Luther
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Scripture alone, faith alone
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John Nelson Darby
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personal relationship with Jesus
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Evangelicals
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personal relationship with Jesus
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Pentecostals
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speaking in tongues, baptism of HS
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fundamentalists
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literal interpretation of Bible
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Mainline protestants
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intellectual, critical biblical scholarship
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Megachurch
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5 mil each sunday, appeal
-senior pastor -reputation of church -worship style |
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Judaism- creation
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6 days of creation, creation out of nothing
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branches of Judaism
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orthodox, conservative, reform
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Patriarchs
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Abraham, Jacob (Israel), Joseph, Moses, Joshua, Judges, Saul, David, Solomon
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Sacred texts of Judaism
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Tanakh- Torah, Nevi'im, Ketuvim
Mishnah, Talmud |
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Jewish identifiers
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sabbath, kosher, gender roles
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jewish persecution
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exiles, attacks, massacres, illegality, torture, holocaust
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Israel
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land promised to Abe, safe haven from persecution
theological, historical, safety |
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Partition of Palestine
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1947
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Nationhood of Israel
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1948
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Why does suffering happen?
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Rabbi Kushner- not God's fault, looking ahead, Anne Frank- ppl learn good from Judaism
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Shema
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"Hear O Israel", only one God, i am lord your god who brough you out of land of egypt
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ethical monotheism
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action based, spreading ten commandments
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types of jewish law
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reflexive, ethical, holiness, national
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Debate
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tradition in Judaism, Talmud, Mishnah
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holidays
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Rosh Hashanah (new year), Yom Kippur (day of atonement), passover
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Original Jewish beliefs
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meaning to life and suffering, divine care- god cares about you, involved in everything
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God as transcendent and immanent
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everywhere and everything, also close, has personality
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Islam
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fastest growing religion in world, mostly located in Asia, not Mid East
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Mecca
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animistic religion, trading port, safe haven, sacred city
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Medina
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Philly to NY, agricultural center
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Night of Power and Excellence
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Angel Gabriel appears to Muhammad, "Recite!"= Qu'ran
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Muslim calendar
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based on Muhammad's move from mecca to medina
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Qu'ran
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supersedes Torah, Psalms, Gospels, only true in Arabic
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Major prophets of Islam
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Abe, Moses, Jesus, Muhammad
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Five Pillars of faith
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faith, prayer, charity, fasting, pilgrimmage
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West identifiers
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logic, deistic, morality
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East identifiers
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relationships, cyclical, pantheism
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Christianity- tension between...
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truth and love
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American Christianity
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personal choice- individualist society
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Temples of Judaism destroyed
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exile, writings become more important
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Anthony DeMello's The Way to Love
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true happiness, holiness= uncaused
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CS Lewis' Mere Christianity
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differing views of good and evil, christian- world initially good, dualist- two equal powers
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Michael Himes' Doing the Truth in Love
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god as mystery-caterpillar, agape
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MLK's Strength of Love
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letter written as Paul to current Americans
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Broken Tablets Eugene Borowitz
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analyzes Shema
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Martin Buber's I and Thou
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man is twofold- i-you, i-it
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dar al-Islam vs. dar al-harb
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way of Islam vs way of secular world, non-muslim territory will be at war until under muslim rule
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Shi'ite
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partisans of Ali, 12 imams starting with Ali and ending with Mahdi, Ayatollah= shi'ite leader in Iran
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Sunni
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follow prophet's example, abu bakr, Muh's successors chosen by shura= consultation of elders
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Islamic law determined by
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a. Qu'ran
b. Sunna of the Prophet c. analogical reasoning d. Ijma- consensus of muslim community |
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Bhagavad Gita story
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arjuna & krishna- krish revealed as avatar of Vishnu, helps him win battle, death= not real, reincarnation
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sacred texts of Hinduism
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Vedas, Upanishads, Laws of Manu, Yoga Sutras, Bhagavad Gita
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Vedas
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1500 BCE, mantras, chanting, long hyms to god, sacrifice, war, rituals
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Upanishads
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500 BCE, what is life? secret to death, everyone is Brahman
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Laws of Manu
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100 CE, institutionalize Upanishads, caste system develops
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Yoga Sutras
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100 CE, one with Brahman for enlightenment
Bhakti, Jnana, Karma, Raja |
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Raja yoga
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psychophysical exercises
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Karma yoga
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enlightenment through action
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jnana yoga
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enlightenment through knowledge
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bhakti yoga
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enlightenment through loving devotion, most popular
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Trimurti
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Trinity
1. Brahma= creator 2. Vishnu= sustainer 3.Shiva= destroyer |
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moksha and samsara
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liberation from cycle of rebirth
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Caste system
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Brahmins, Kshatriya (warriors), Vaishyas (traders), sudras (manual workers), dalits
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Hinduism's 4 life goals
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1. Kama- pleasure
2. Artha- power and $ 3. Dharma- duty/religious life 4. Moksha- liberation |
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Hinduism's 4 stages of life
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apprentice, householder, forest dweller, renouncer
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root chakra
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survival, safety
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sacral chakra
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creativity, sexuality
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naval chakra
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esteem
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heart chakra
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emotion
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throat chakra
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self expression
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third eye chakra
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visualization, intuition
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crown chakra
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spirituality
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Al-Beruni
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muslim scholar studying hinduism, comparative religions in objective way
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Hindu rituals
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birth, mantras, pilgrimages, death
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Four passing sights
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siddhartha guatama's journey
age, illness, death, monk |
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Four Noble truths sermon
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life is suffering, desire is the cause, we can end suffering, we do so by following the 8-fold path
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eightfold path
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view, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, concentration
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Arrow sermon
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we're all hit by arrow (suffering), focus on how to get arrow out not on details of it
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flower sermon
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Buddha picks successor, says nothing, pulls out flower, monk laughs and becomes successor
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First Buddhist council
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what now? follow Buddha's teachings, how should vinaya be?
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Ashoka the Great
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first emperor to convert to Buddhism, promotes expansion, builds temples
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Mahayana Buddhism
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the big raft/way, popularized in china, don't have to follow strict rules, compassion, concern for others
China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam |
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Chan/Zen Buddhism
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sect of Mahayana, nothing exists, nirvana= state of non being, empty your mind, beginners mind
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Vajrayana Buddhism
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Tibetan Buddhism, mystical
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Theravada Buddhism
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way of the elders, wisdom, for monks, no help, monastery life, arhat
Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Sri Lanka |
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Dalai Lama
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key teachings...science= good, other religions- all essentially the same, 3 jewels, compassion
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3 Jewels of Buddhism
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Buddha- perception of reality
Sangha- buddhist community Darma- Buddhist teaching |
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Tibetan Book of the Dead
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describes experience after death
1. clear light of void 2. 5 great cosmic buddhas (peace) 3. 5 great cosmic buddhas (wrath) |
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Tao
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the way
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Tao Te Ching
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Lao Tzu, 600 BCE
no afterlife, align taos= immortality, spiritual power (te), empy=useful |
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Chang Tzu
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Chang Tzu, 369 BCE
relativity, everything is tao...can't name/explain it, have to experience it |
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Taoism vs. Confucianism
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Confu- establishment, relationships
Tao- antiestablishment, individuality |
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Wei wu wei
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action without acting
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Lu Dongbin
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left test to live in woods, becomes one of the eight immortals
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Religious Taoism
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warring states period- dynasties (Qin- reunification of China, Han)
longevity/immortality |
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Philosophical Taoism
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...?
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Chi or Qi
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natural energy in every human
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The Vinegar Tasters
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Buddha, Confucius, Lao Tzu
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The Tao of Pooh
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Intellectualism vs. Wisdom, the wise are not learned
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The uncarved block
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things as they really are, inner nature/tao
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inner alchemy
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fluids, energies (Chi) within the body
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outer alchemy
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mix metals and stuff to make immortality potion
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Lord Lao
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Lao Tzu incarnate
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Zhang Daoling
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Celestial master- taoist pope
five pecks of rice sect, founder of religious taoism |
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Wang Chongyang
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complete perfection sect, tao= foundation of universe, combines tao/confu/zen
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