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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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As compared with Paleolithic and Neolithic societies, the agriculture of civilizations
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changed man's physical environment.
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The period of Neolithic Revolutions and river valley civilizations ended when
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various civilizations fist established contacts between the regions.
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The first truly revolutionary transformation of early human society was
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the agricultural revolution.
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In most ancient and classical civilizations and societies, priests developed considerable social power and influence because they
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interpreted the gods' wishes and placated the dieties.
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Which of these is an example of patriarchal society in the classical world?
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After marriage, a woman moved to the residence of her husband's family.
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Periodic nomadic invasions in the early history of Eurasia
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caused disruptions, but facilitated innovations and prompted synthesis.
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Unlike Sumer and Egypt, the Indus Valley or Harappan civilization
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had a system of writing that has never been translated.
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Compared with river valley cultures in Egypt and Mesopotamia, civilization in China
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probably developed after civilizations in the Nile Valley and Southwest Asia.
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Classical China and the post-classical Muslim world are similar in that unity and cultural identity were provided by
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commonalities of the spoken or written language.
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In order to counterbalance feudalism and its tendency to decentralize ruling power, and
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created strong national armies capable of suppressing aristocratic independence.
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Peasants in Zhou China, serfs in Medieval Europe, or slaves in Aryan India
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were burdened by obligations to the rulers and local nobles.
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Classical differd from river valley civilizations in all of these ways EXCEPT:
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classic religions wer largely monotheistic or atheistic.
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Historically, pastoral nomads
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lived on the grassy plains of the continents, where eedentary agriculture was extremely difficult.
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In comparison to women in sedentary societies, women in nomadic, pastoral societies
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belonged to paternalistic societies as strong as any sedentary societies.
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All of these actions and responses typified contacts between sedentary and nomadic peoples EXCEPT:
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acceptance of each other and each other's ways of life.
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Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism, as well as Buddhism
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originated as responses to societal problems during times of disruption.
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Although they varied greatly in wealth and social status in the classical world,
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the commoners, especially the peasants remained the largest group.
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Women in most Classical Age societies
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al all class levels, were legally subordinated to fathers and husbands.
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Rural population pressures in classical societies such as China, India, and Rome
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were avoided by infanticide, high death rates, and selling children into slavery.
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Despite their material success and increasedd wealth, in China and Rome
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merchants often ranked below peasants and had little societal influence.
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The major impact of Alexander the Great's conquests was
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the spread of Greek culture throughout the Eastern Mediterranean, Southwest Asia, and into India.
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In comparison to the Hindus, Persians, and Jews, religiously, the Greeks
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never developed a major religion.
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Much of what is called classical Greek and Chinese philosophy traces its origins to the
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cultural crisis and intellectual uncertainty that followed prolonged periods of war.
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Unlike Qin legalist philisophy, Roman imperial law
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rested heavily on toleration and local autonomy.
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What sentence BEST describes both Roman and Chinese gender relations?
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While subordinate to men, Roman women were considerably freer and less oppressed then were their Chinese counterparts.
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Far more than classical Greece, India, or China, slavery in Rome
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dominatied the labor markets- Rome became dependent on slavery.
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With regard to merchants, classical civilizations in Rome, Greece, China, and India
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were ambivalent towards merchants despite their vital roles in commerce.
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The major difference between Buddhism and Hinduism was
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Buddhism denied the need for castes, rites, and sacrifice to achieve nirvana.
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Although the Mayas developed similarly to other civilizations, they never
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progressed much past Neolithic technologies.
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When the Bantu migrated, they
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spread agriculture, crops, and iron technologies across much of Africa.
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Contacts with China introduced all of these to Japan EXCEPT:
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patriarchal and patrilineal family relationships.
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All of these happenings must generally occur for a new period in world history to begin EXCEPT:
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nomadic peoples must overrun sedentary civilizations.
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At the end of the Classical Age
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There was a religious upsurge as a result of social and economic problems.
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In comparison with the end of classical civilizations in China and India, the collapse of the Roman Empire was
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more severe and extensive than elsewhere.
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In contrast to Mahayana Buddhism, as Christianity evolved and spread, it
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was intolerant of other faiths.
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All of these developments characterize the post-classical age EXCEPT the:
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Domination of the Atlantic and Mediterranean by Christian Europeans.
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The leading civilization during the Post-classical Era (450-1450 C.E.) was
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Islam
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One of the strengths of Islam that made it a successful universalizing faith similar to Christianity and Buddhism was its
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Egalitarianism that transcended previous loyalties, ethnicities, or allegiances.
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The pillar of Islam that helped create the first trans-regional civilization was
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the pilgrimage by the faithful to Mecca.
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Initially, Islam, with reagard to women and gender roles
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greatly strengthened the position of women.
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Unlike merchants in classial civilizations, Muslim traders
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acquired great wealth and were protected and encouraged by Muslim states.
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Memeluks
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were Turkisn-speaking slave armies used by Muslims.
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The Seljuks
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settled in the lands of modern Turkey and became the Abbasid's protector.
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The impact of the Crusades
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Was greater on the Europeans because it brought Europe into contact with Muslim civilizations and their accomplishments.
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Contacts between Hindus and Muslims led to
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the absorption by the Muslims of many Hindu social practices.
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Unlike the Americans, sub-Saharan Africa
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was never totally isolated from other civilizations.
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Sub-Saharan African societies are similar to Latin American Indiean societies in that both
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Are so numerous that it is impossible to generalize about them.
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Prior to the 15th century C.E., islam was spread through West and East Africa as well as Southeast Asia by
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Mass conversions ordered by the rulers and monarchs.
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The slave trade from West Africa ot the Muslim world
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preffered males slaves for administration and military occupations.
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As had Hammurabis's Code (Mesopotamia), Justinian's Code (Byzantine)
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became the basic unified law code for states, which existed after its original creator.
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Within the Byzantine state, as had been the case with government in most of the dynasties in China, the chief power and influence was
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emperors and their trained bureaucrats.
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Unlike monarchs in western Europe, but like the caliphs, the Byzantine emperor
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held political but not religous power.
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When scholars began to study Greek classics, most early West European intellectuals and scholastics, like their Muslim counterparts
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found the Greek notion of reason troubling because it questions faith.
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Manorialism in Medieval Europe was characterized by all of these conditions EXCEPT:
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Manors and peasants depended on merchants for most necessitites.
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European serfs differed from slaves in that
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they could not be bought of sold, and owned some of the land they farmed.
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As happened in the Fertile Crescent, India, and China, the fall of civilizations in the Americas was often due to
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mmigrating nomadic invaders.
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Neo-confucianism
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emphasized tradition, authority, and harmony at the expense of innovation.
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Both foodbinding in China and the harem and veil in Islam
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symbolized the increasing subordination of women to men.
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Tang military expansion into central Asia.
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promoted renewed commercial contacts between China and west Asia.
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The only indeigenous aspect of Japanese culture during the Heian era was
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Shinto.
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The group that most directly challenged Chinese influences in Japan and Vietnam during the Post-Classical era was
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aristocrats and loval provincial administrators.
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The typical pattern for relations between China and its neighbors during the post-classical period was
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for states to acknowledge Chinese superiority, pay tribute, but remain independent.
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Although the Mongols were often brutal, they were
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tolerant of religious differences and supportive of trade.
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Pastoral nomads form the Central Asian steppe who had threatened sedentary civilizations throughout world history included all of these EXCEPT:
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Bantu
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The greatest long-term demographic impact of the Mongol unification of much of Central Eurasia was the
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spread of the Black Death from China to Europe and the Muslim world.
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The transformation that most immediatly weakened the power and influence of pastoral nomads over sedentary civilization was due to
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newer technologies, especially weapons, used by sedentary civilizations.
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Besides the Italian city-states, the geographic region or state in West Europe MOST supportive of change at the end of the post-classical era was
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the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal)
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The major barrier to West European expansion prior to teh 15th century C.E. was
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the low level of European technology.
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The Ming Chinese naval expeditionsof the early 15th century C.E.
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ended because they challenged Confucian values and typical expenditures.
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All of these events led to the weakening or end of Medieval West European institutions EXCEPT:
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The Ottoman Turk invasion of Western Europe.
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A major feature of the early modern globalization of international trade was the
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unequal commercial relationships and the dependence of many states on Europe.
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The major development between 1450 and 1750 was the rise of
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the first truly global world trade network.
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Fundamental to the European acquisition of colonies between 1450 and 1750 was
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European naval and maritime technologies
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All world labor systems during the Early Modern period can be characterized as
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largely unfree.
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The Columbian exchanges involved all of these global movements EXCEPT:
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Indian populations were resettled to the Pacific islands and African lands.
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Under the doctrine of mercantilism, Spain and Portugal encouraged their Latin American colonies to
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buy manufactured goods only from the mother country.
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What event was most directly responsible for the rise of the gunpowder empires in Turkey, Iran, and India and similar states in Tsarist Russia and Ming China?
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The Mongol Empire and its khanates collapsed.
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The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires possessed all of these shared characteristics EXCEPT:
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All ruled predominantly Muslim populations.
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With regard to the West Europeans and their institutions and technologies, the Ottomands and Safavids
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ignored and looked down upon all things European, which later hurt them.
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Which of these statements about women in India during the Mughal Empire is TRUE?
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the practice of sati (widow burning) ended.
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The Renaissance was largely influenced and financed by
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the urban environment and commercial economy.
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Renaissance humanism would ahve been most comfortable with the values and ideas of which world belief system?
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Hellenism
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The fragmentation of Christianity during the Reformations into Catholic and Protestant sects most closely resembles
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Sunni-Shia divisions within Islam over political leadershipe of the Muslim community.
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West European monarchs, as did the Japanese Tokugawa shoguns, employed all of these methods or groups to win "absolute" control of their states EXCEPT:
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Allowing representative assemblies to make and to pass laws.
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The main reason European conquerers and navigators were able to sail and continue to explore, and the reason the Ming Chinese fleets in the Indian Ocean failed was
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European governments supported and encouraged overseas expeditions, the Ming did not.
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European nations aquired thier first colonies in the Americas
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following the conquests by military, gold seeking adventureres.
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In Africa during the Early Modern period, Europeans
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had to negotiate with African kings, who had controlled slave trade.
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All of Russia's reforms under Peter the Great were largely attempts to
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modernize the state and strengthen the army in order to conquer desired lands.
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Modernization and westernization in Russia under Peter the Great and Catherine the Great did not include
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liberalizing state policies and tolerating democratic ideas.
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In comparison with American slaves, Russian serfs
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Could neither be owned nor sold.
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The greatest source of social unrest in early modern Russia was
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the lack of real reform, especially rights for the serfs.
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All of these Iberian traits influenced Spain and Portugal colonial patterns and society in the Americas EXCEPT:
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local political and religious autonomy.
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The Spanish assimilation of the American peoples and the replacement of Indian by Spanish cultures were facilitated by
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the demographicc decline of Indian populations caused by European diseases.
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The export of silver from the Americas led to all of these outcomes EXCEPT:
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the discouragement of foreign rivals and pirates.
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Within the Spanish American Empire, the Roman Catholic Church
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supported the state, influenced cultural life, and defended Indian rights.
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