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180 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Adam Smith
defended capitalism in the "Wealth of Nations"
Boris Yeltsin
1st elected president of Russia
Camillo di Cavour
prime minister of Sardinia; helped unify Italy
Cardinal Richelieu
moved against Huguenots and weakened nobles
Catherine the Great
Russian ruler, gained access to Black Sea
Cecil Rhodes
supporter of British imperialism in South Africa, controlled 90% of diamond industry
Copernicus
first proposed heliocentric theory and wrote "Revolutions of Heavenly Bodies'
Czar Alexander I
Russian representative at Congress of Vienna; part of Holy Alliance
David Livingstone
Scottish missionary went missing in Africa
David Ricardo
economist, believed wages would drop as population increased
Dwight Eisenhower
supreme commander of allied forces; led D-Day invasion
Florence Nightingale
organized battlefield nursing during Crimean War
Francis Bacon
developed scientific method
Frederick the Great
Prussian, believed ruler is like father
Galileo
proved heliocentric theory with telescope
Ho Chi Minh
led nationalist movement in Vietnam (communist)
Isaac Newton
breakthrough in theory of motion and gravity
Ivan the Terrible
organized a police force that murdered many
Jeremy Bentham
utilitarianism
Jian Jishi
leader of nationalist forces in China's Civil War
John Locke
natural rights; life, liberty, prosperity
Karl Marx
wrote "Communist Manifesto", later inspired Lenin
Lech Walesa
led fight against communism in Poland
Louis Pasteur
bacteria causes disease
Louis XIV
France's most powerful ruler; "I am the State"
Maria Theresa
Hapsburg ruler of Austria; fought with Prussia
Marie Curie
pioneer in the field of radioactivity
Metternich
most influential leader at Congress of Vienna
Gorbachev
introduced policies of Perestroika and glasnot in Soviet Union
Montesquieu
separation of powers
Napoleon
personal and highly centralized military command; set uniform laws, stabilized economy, public education system; exiled to islands of Elba and St. Helena
Nicolai Ceausescu
communist dictator of Romania
Peter the Great
built St. Peteresburg to make travel to west easier
Pol Pot
led Khmer Rouge in Cambodia
Ram Mohun Roy
tried to outlaw outdated traditional practiced in India (widow suicide)
Rasputin
mystical "healer" who influenced Romanov familty; didn't arrange Lenin's return from exile
Rene Descartes
wrote "Discourse on Method"; "I think, therefore I am"
Richard Nixon
first president to visit communist China
Slobodan Milosevic
leader of Serbia after breakup of Yugoslavia
Thomas Hobbes
strong government needed for control
Thomas Jefferson
wrote Declaration of Independence; influenced by Locke
Voltaire
philosopher who mocked government and religion; wrote Candide
William and Mary
came to throne as result of Glorious Revolution
William Wilberforce
worked to abolish slavery in British Empire
Woodrow Wilson
leader of US during WWI, pushed for Fourteen Points
China's Civil War
nationalists vs communists
4 modernizations of China
agriculture, defense, industry, and science/technology
3rd World Countries
developing nations
Strategic Defense Initiative
known as "Star Wars"; Ronald Regan
non-aligned nations
India and China
Cultural Revolution
purge China of Western influence
Bay of Pigs
failed attempts to overthrow Castro, led to Cuban Missile Crisis
Berlin Blockade
started when the western nations reunified their three zones
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization; defense alliance of western nations
Warsaw
Soviet's answer to NATO
Truman Doctrine
purpose was to prevent spread of communism in Europe
Iron Curtain
describes the division of Europe into communist and noncommunist halves, term coined by Churchill
Event that started WWII
Germany invaded Poland; September 1, 1939
Battle of Midway
turned the tide of the war in the Pacific
D-Day
code name Operation Overlord; June 6, 1944
Nuremburg Trials
trials of war criminals fdrom Axis Powers
Final Solution
genocide of those considered inferior
kamikaze pilots
valued national honor more than individual life
date of infamy
December 7, 1941
island hopping
attack islands that were not well defended
a-bomb and Truman
bring war to quickest possible end
US internment camps
anyone of Japanese descent falsely labeled as enemies
Battle of Leningrad
more than 1 million residents died during the two-year siege
Fourteenth Point
established the League of Nations
Battles on Western Front
Marne, Somme, Verdun
Battle of Marne
Germany now had two fronts
Spanish Civil War
Francisco Franco leader of Spanish rebel troops
Fascist Party in Germany
aided by fears of communism
time span between wars
20 years
Role of Churchill in 1930's
warned of Hitler
goals of US isolationists
avoid ties to war
Problems of the Weimar Republic after WWI
Germans turned against it because the signed treaty of Versailles; high inflation, too many political parties, no democratic tradition
reasons Jews were targeted
they were used as scapegoats for all Germany's problems
Munich Conference
held to address Germany's interest in Czech; came to symbolize dangers of appeasement
Great Depression
soaring stock prices, uneven distribution of wealth, surplus of agricultural products
Stock Market Crash
stocks sold for more than they were worth
Wilson's 14 Points
Great Britain and France wanted to punish Germany and increase security; they showed little acceptance
armistice
November 11, 1918
fascism
strong nationalism
appeasement
British and French giving in to keep peace
Schlieffen Plan
Germany's plan to conquer France first, it was prevented by the First Battle of the Marne
link between imperialism and militarism
as you gain colonies, military increased to protect the colonies
Triple Alliance and Triple Entente
Bismark feared France's army and Britain feared Germany's empire
purpose of trench warefare
to protect soldiers from gunfire
Powder Keg of Europe
the Balkans
League of Nations
US stayed out
Bolsheviks
signed truce with Germany, distributed land to peasants, factory control returned to workers
Lenin's slogan
peace, bread, land
"Bloody Sunday"
led to a wave of strikes and violence across Russia in 1905
5 Year Plan
Stalin, rapid industrial growth, strong defense, modernize Soviet state
pogroms
organized violence towards Jews during reign of Alexanger III
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
allowed Germany to focus efforts on the western front
Industrial Revolution
began in England; due to the large emigration from rural areas, population grew faster than housing; caused widespread sickness SHORTENING lifespans
factors of production
land, labor, and capital
Factory Act of 1833
outlawed children under 9 working in textile industry
Suez Canal
Egypt could not pay foreign debts and lost control to Britain
scientific method
observation, questions, hypothesis, experimentation, conclusion
American colonists
supported by Enlightened thinkers
Stamp Act
caused American colonist to protect British manufactured goods
"Jewel of the Crown"
India
Crimean War
Russia wanted land on the Black Sea; Russia lost; fought France and Britain; geopolitics; Treaty of Paris ended the war
Battle of Trafalgar
Napoleon is forced to give up plans to invade Britain; Nelson divided the French fleet
Battle of Waterloo
Napoleon's final defeat
Continental System
Napoleon's plan to block trade with Britain; Britain responds with its own blockade
Reign of Terror
imposed by the Committee of Public Safety
Congress of Vienna
established balance of power in Europe
Declaration of the Right of Man
stated the goals of the revolutionaries during the French Revolution
Slogan of French Revolution
liberty, equality, fraternity
bourgeoisie
educated members of the third estate; embraced the ideals of the Enlightenment
Petition of Right
Charles I promised not to levy taxes without consent of Parliament
estates
1st clergy, 2nd nobility, 3rd everyone else
Universal Law of Gravitation
every object in the universe attracks every other object in the universe
Divine Right
used to support absolute rule
English Civil War
removed Charles I from the throne
Restoration
English monarchy was restored with Charles II
War of Spanish Succession
Louis XIV grandson was made heir to Spanish throne
Thirty Years War
resulted in increased power for France, weakening Spain and Austria
English Bill of Rights
made clear the limits of royal power
Edict of Nantes
brought an end to religious conflicts in France
Peter the Grat
built St. Petersburg forced nobles to change dress, built navy
appeasement
the making of consesstions to an aggressor in order to avoid war
armistice
an agreement to stop fighting
assimilation
a policy in which a nation forces or encourages a subject people to adopt the institutions and customs
Axis Powers
in WWII, the nations of Germany, Italy, and Japan, which had formed an alliance in 1936
Baroque
grand, ornate style, that characterized European painting, music, and architecture in the 1600s and late 1700s
Berlin Conference
a meeting at which representatives of European nations agreed upon rules for the European colonization of Africa
blitzkrieg
lightning war
Boyars
landowning nobles of Russia
Boxer Rebellion
1900 rebellion in China, aimed at ending foreign influence in the country
communism
economics system in which all mean of production are owned by the people, private property does not exist, and all goods and services are shared
demilitarization
a reduction in a country's ability to wage war, achieved by disbanding its armed forces and prohibiting it from acquiring weapons
détente
a policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon
Domino Theory
the idea that is a nation falls under Communist control, nearby nations will also
émigrés
people who leave their native country for political reasons, like the nobles and others who fled France during the peasant uprisings of the French Revolution
Enlightenment
18th century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society
entrepreneur
a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business
Estates General
an assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social, classes, in France
existentialism
a philosophy cased on the idea that people give meaning to their lives through their choices and actions
fascism
a political movement that promotes an extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one-party rule
Great Fear
a wave of senseless panic that spread through the French countryside after the storming of the Bastlle on 1789
Great Purge
a campaign of terror in the Soviet Union during the 1930s, in which Joseph Stalin sought to eliminate all Communist party members and ither citizens who threatened his power
intendants
French government official appointed by the monarch to collect taxes and administer justice
impressionism
a movement in the 19th century painting in which artist reacted against realism by seeking to convey their impressions of subjects or movements in time
Khmer Rouge
a group of communist rebels who seized power in Cambodia in 1975
Kristallnacht
"Night of Broken Glass"
laissez-faire
the idea that government should not interfere with or regulate industries and businesses
legitimacy
the hereditary right if a monarch to rule
lycee
a government-run public school in France
martial law
a temporary rule by military authorities over a civilian populations, usually imposed in times of war or civil unrest
mercantilism
an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more than they bought
Nazi-Soviet nonaggression pact
an agreement in which nations promise not to attack one another
paternalism
policy of treating subject people as if they were children, providing for their needs but not giving them rights
Perestroika
a restructuring of the Soviet economy to permit more local decision-making, began with Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985
Plebiscite
a direct vote in which a country's people have to opportunity to approve or reject a proposal
propaganga
information or material spread to advance a cause or to damage an opponent's cause
realism
19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be
romanticism
an early 19th century movement in art and though, which focused on emotion and nature rather than reason and society
salon
a social gathering of intellectuals and artists, like those held in the homes of wealthy women in Paris and other European cities during the Enlightenment
self-determinism
the freedom of a people to decide under what for of government hey wish to live
skepticism
a philosphy based on the idea that nothing can be known for certain
socialism
an economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operated for the welfare of all
sphere of influence
a foreign region in which a nations has control over trade and other economic activities
Third Reich
theird German Empire, established by Adolph Hitler in the 1930s
utilitarianism
the theory, proposed by Bentham in the late 1700s, that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people
St Petersburg
built to gain easier access to west
absolute rulers
gained power because of religious and territorial conflicts
Versailles
showed power of Louis XIV
intendants
officials gived positions directly from the king to represent his will
enlightenment
promoted a belief in progress, faith in science, and a belief in reason and rationality
American colonist
assisted by supporters of the Enlightenment
Tennis Court Oath
oath taken by National Assembly
Berlin conference
Africa divided up by Europeans
Boxers
Chinese fighting against western influences
paternalism
provided for the colonists, but didn't give them rights
lycees
public schools set up by Napoleon