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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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the belief in Middle Ages that the earth was an immovable object in the center of the universe
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Geocentric Theory
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Catholic view of the universe from the Bible
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the idea that the earth & other planets revolve around the sun
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Heliocentric Theory
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theory developed by Copernicus by studying movement of the planets
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a major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s in which the study of the Natural World began to be characterized by careful observation & questioning of accepted beliefs
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Scientific Revolution
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based on the steps of the Scientific Method
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Italian scientist & astronomer who wrote "Starry Messenger" that describes movement of planets around sun
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Galileo Galilei
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supported Copernicus Theory, Galileo was forced by Catholic Church to recant his discovery & placed on house arrest for life
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a logical prodedure for gathering information about the natural world in which experimentation & observation are used to test hypotheses
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Scientific Method
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7 Steps: Problem, Research, Hypothesis, Experiment, Data Analysis, Results & Conclusion
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English scientist who brought the scientific method together & wrote The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
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Isaac Newton
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the universe acts like a clock with predictable movements
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10th Century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason & the scientific method to all aspects of society
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Enlightenment
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Included Locke, Rousseau, & Voltaire as political philosophes
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the agreement by which people define & limit their individual rights, thus creating an organized society
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social contract
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enlightenment thinkers felt government was based on agreement between the people and their leaders
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English philosopher who believed humans can learn from experience & improve, all people are born free & equal with 3 natural rights of life, liberty, and property.
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John Locke
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the government's purpose is to protect these natural rights & if Gov't does not, it is the people's right to overthrow it
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one of a group of social thinkers in France during the Enlightenment
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philosophe
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later coined "philosopher" & included any enlightened thinker
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French philosophe who published 70 books of political essays, philosophy & drama; fought for Tolerance, Reason, Freedom of Religious Beliefs, & Freedom of Speech
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Voltaire
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Pen name for Francois Mari-Arouet; quote: "I don't believe with a word you say, but I defend to the death your right to say it"
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French writer devoted to study of political liberties; wrote "On the Spirit of Laws"
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Montesquieu
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Baron von _______________
proposed separation of powers by checks & balances; Power should be a check to Power. |
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French philosophe who championed "individual freedom" , thought that civilization corrupted peoples' natural goodness, he felt all people are equal & titles of nobility should be abolished
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Rousseau
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Jean Jacque Rousseau said that good government is freely formed by the people & guided by the 'general will' of society; wrote The Social Contract - "Good Gov't comes from the consent of the governed
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English writer who advocated education for all women, wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)
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Mary Wollstonecraft
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all women should have equal rights as men; died in childbirth but daughter lived & became Mary W. Shelley writer of Frankenstein
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a social gathering of intellectuals & artists like those held in the homes of wealthy women in Paris & European cities during the Enlightenment Period
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salon
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high society social gatherings where women exchanged ideas
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relating to grand, ornate style that characterized European painting, music, & architecture in 1600s-early 1700s
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barouque
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relating to a simple, elegant style based on ideas & themes from Ancient Rome & Greece that characterized the arts in Europe during late 1700s
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neoclassical
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one of the 10th C. European Monarchs who was inspired by Enlightenment ideas to rule justly & respect the rights of his/her subjects
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enlightened despot
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Ex. Ferdinand the Great, Joseph II, & Catherine the Great
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Tsaress of Russia ( 1762-1796) who ruled with absolute authority but also reformed Russia including its legal system, allowing religious toleration, abolished use of torture & capital punishment
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Catherine the Great
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she used the army to crush a serf uprising & revolt in Russia and revoked serf freedoms in 1772
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a statement of the reasons for the American colonies' break with Britain;
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Declaration of Independence
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approved by 2nd Continental Congress, author was Thomas Jefferson & Benjamin Franklin
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author of Declaration of Independence & supported free speech, religious freedom & other Civil Liberties
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Thomas Jefferson
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Jefferson borrowed ideas from Locke, Voltaire, & Montesquie
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measures designed to prevent any one branch of government
from dominating the other |
checks & balances
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Legislative Branch, Executive Branch & Judicial Branch
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a sytem of government is divided between a Central authority & a number of individual states
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federal system
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The first ten amendments to the constitution that protects the citizens basic rights & freedoms
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Bill of Rights
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Advanced Tycho Brahe's study of planetary motion using mathematical laws that showed the planets revolve around the sun in ellipitcal orbits not circles
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Johann Kepler
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developed the Scietific Method using science & urging the use of reasoning, experimentation & drawing conclusions on Empiricism/Experimental Method to understand the natural world
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Bacon & Descartes
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Dutch scientists who invented the microscope & studied bacteria on both tooth plaque and red blood cells
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Janssen & Leeuwenhoek
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Italian philosophe who reforms the Criminal Justice System; Quote: Laws exist to preserve the social order, not to avenge crimes; abolished torture of the accused
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Bonesana Beccaria
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promoted a speedy trial & aboliished capital punishment
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Narrator of Gulliver's Travels in 1726, an English Dr. takes 4 voyages to foreign lands
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Johnathan Swift
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Austrian King & radical reformer, son of Maria Theresa,( 1780-90 )
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Joseph II
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introduced legal reform, outlawed torture, supported religious freedoms, abolished Serfdom`& ordered that peasants must be paid for labor.w/ cash, freedoms of speech & press
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