World History - Ancient Rome

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Jupiter

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Chief Roman God

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Mars

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Roman God of War

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Neptune

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Roman God of Sea

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Venus

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Roman Goddess of Love

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Etruscans

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Captured Rome in 750 BC; Romans drove out Etruscans in 500 BC and established independent republic (after learning construction, weapons metallurgy, and military tactics)

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Patricians

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Wealthy landowning nobles in early Roman Republic

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Consuls

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Heads of state in Roman government

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Senate

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Hereditary body in Roman law which passed laws, approved appointments, and controlled foreign affairs

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Plebeians

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The Roman people - mostly farms and city workers

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Tribunes

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Elected with veto power over actions of consuls and Senate

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Twelve Tables

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Codification of Roman law preventing judges from twisting unwritten laws to favor own class

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Rome unites Italy

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340 - 270 BC; Conquers Latins, Samnites, Etruscans, Gauls, Greek colonies in southern Italy

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Carthage

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Early Rome's chief rival in N. Africa

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Punic Wars

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Three wars where Rome defeated Carthage

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First Punic War

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264 - 261 BC; Fought in Sicily and M. Sea

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Second Punic War

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218 - 201 BC; Battle of Zama; Hannibal

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Hannibal

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Carhage's greatest general

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Battle of Cannae

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Early victories for Hannibal and Carthage

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Battle of Zama

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Rome at last defeats Hannibal and Carthage's push for conquest; Carthage reduced to second rate power

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Third Punic War

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149 - 146 BC; Rome finally attacks and destroys Carthage and annexes territory

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Roman Republic becomes Roman Empire

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27 BC

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Gracchi Brothers

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133 - 121 BC; Tiberius Gracchus, Gaius Gracchus; Tribunes favoring peoples' rights, both were killed in riots

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First Roman Civil War

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88 BC; Marius vs. Sulla; Popular leader (Marius) and senatorial leader (Sulla) fight for control of Rome; Sulla prevails and restores senatorial power

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Second Roman Civil War

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49 BC; Senate orders Caesar to disband army; He refuses and invades senatorial Italy; Defeats Pompey's senatorial army and becomes dictator of Rome

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First Triumvirate

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60 BC; Julius Caesar, Pompey and Crassus (a wealthy noble); Political alliance that allowed three men to dominate Rome

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Commentaries on the Gallic War

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Book written by Julius Caesar proclaiming victories in Gaul

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Ceasar is Assassinated

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44 BC

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Third Roman Civil War

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Octavian vs. Antony; Final conflict of the time of the triumvirate

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Chief conspirators of Caesars assassination

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Brutus and Cassius

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Battle of Actium

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31 BC; Octavian defeats Antony at naval battle which ends civil wars; Octavian becomes absolute ruler of Roman Empire

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Roman Empire

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27 BC - 476 AD

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Augustus

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First Roman Emperor; Pax Romana

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Claudius

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41 - 54 AD; Roman emperor who promotes public works and extends Roman authority to S. Britain

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Vespasian

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69 - 79 AD; Roman emperor suppresses Hebrew revolt, destroys Jerusalem and expelled Jews from Palestine

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Trajan

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98 - 117 AD; Roman emperor expands Empire to greatest territorial extent

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Hadrian

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117 - 138 AD; Roman emperor repels barbarian tribes; Builds defense walls in N. Britain and central Europe

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Marcus Aurelius

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161 - 180 AD; High minded ruler; Stoic philosopher who wrote Meditations; Death marks end of Pax Romana

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Diocletian

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284 - 305 AD; Roman emperor resumes competence after internal strife; Divides empire into east and west; Establishes system of succession to throne

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Constantine

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312 - 337 AD; Reunited empire and moved capital to Constantinople

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Edict of Milan

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313 AD; Constantine ends persecution of Christians

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Huns

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Invaders from central Asia terrorize Roman empire

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Attila

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Leader of the Huns

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Battle of Chalons

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451 AD; Combined Roman-Germanic force turns Attila back

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Visigoths

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Germanic tribes that established kingdom in Spain

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Ostrogoths

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Germanic tribe that established kingdom in Italy

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Vandals

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Germanic tribe that established kingdom in North Africa

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Franks

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Germanic tribes that established Kingdom in france

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Angles and Saxons

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Germanic tribes that establish kingdom in Britain

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Pax Romana

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27 BC - 180 AD; Period of social cohesion on international scale

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Justinian

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527 - 565 AD; Roman emperor at Constantinople codified roman Law: "Justinian Code"

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St. Paul

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1st Century AD; Emphasized conversion of gentiles to universalize Christianity

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St. Peter

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1st Century AD; First Bishop of Rome; Shaped Church's internal structure using Roman empire as model

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St. Jerome

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340 - 420; Translated Bible from Hebrew and Greek into Latin - Vulgate edition

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St. Augustine

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354 - 430; Wrote "Confessions" detailing conversion to Christianity; Wrote City of God, describing how Christianity could lead to world of peace and perfection

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Theodosius

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392; Roman Emperor proclaims Christianity official state religion