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51 Cards in this Set
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Abbasid Dynasty
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led a successful rebellion with the help of Persians against the Umayyad Dynasty; stressed Persian elements over the Roman ones unlike the Umayyads; switched the capital from Damascus to Baghdad where they built the new city near the ruins of the old Persian capital; caliphs modeled their behavior on that of Persian princes and their law by adding heavy taxation to support a large professional army and presiding over an extravagantly luxurious court; this world can be described in "Arabian Nights"; participated heavily in trade and tried to spread their control and customs
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Abu-Bakr
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becomes caliph ("deputy" or "representative") after Muhammad dies; was Muhammad's father-in-law and one of his closest followers; began a campaign to subdue various tribes that had been loyal to Muhammad but were not willing to accept his own authority as Muhammad's successor; died two years later
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Anselm of Canterbury
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earliest practitioner of the scholastic method; a Benedictine monk from northern Italy who became archbishop of Canterbury; main idea of his teachings that the human mind can combine knowledge gained through education and experience with divine revelation; built on the writings of Augustine and Boethius and the teachings of Plato; developed various rational proofs for the underlying truths of Christian doctrine (most famous of these was his proof on the existence of God); further reasoned that God must be "that than which nothing greater can be conceived"; his teachings were very influential
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Bailleffs
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royal overseers who had full judicial, administrative, and military authority that were rotated frequently from region to region to ensure their loyalty to Philip II and also prevented them from forming personal ties to the regions they governed; chosen from needy knights and lesser nobility of his own domain
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Bernard of Clairvaux
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an amazing preacher and one of the most influential personalities of his age; the Cistercian order grew exponentially under him; this meant that more men and women were becoming professionally religious; taught of Mass; changed the bread and wine on the altar into the body and blood of Christ through a blessing from the priest; promoted a theology that made Mary central to Christianity (the veneration of Mary); known in the Catholic church to be the Queen of Heaven and is known to be the intermediary between God and people and is thought have lived a life free of sin and was said to be a virgin all her life
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Caliph
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deputy or representative of Muslims
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Charlemagne
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his ancestors had been the administrative arm of the Clovis empire until his father overthrew the king and took his title; father was Pepin; very devout Christian; sometimes forcefully pushed his religion on others; united the Franks which later became France; as he expands his empire, he expands Christianity; forms alliance with Pope and gains the title of Holy Roman Emperor; passes empire down to his sons; had counts (Frankish warrior class that were his followers gained this title and counts supervised local governance within their territories); also established a network of other local officials who convened courts, established tolls, administered royal lands, and collected taxes; created new coinage system of silver; protector of the papacy; brought the arts and literature into the empire by bringing in scholars all over Europe
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Chivalry
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courtliness: refined behavior in royal households; had to court the affections of noblewomen; usually wooed these women by writing poems; poems were either written to woo women or by women
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Concordance of Discordant Canons
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the codification of papal decrees and decisions of Church councils reaching back to the second century that formed a body of legal precedents known as canons; these precedents contradicted each other; when put together, they realized that all these rules were not as different as they thought
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Corpus Juris Civilis - Justinian's Code
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Justinian's most positive and lasting accomplishment was this; a systematic compilation of imperial statutes which was later supplemented by another book, the Novels ("new laws") containing the legislation of Justinian and his immediate successors; this led to the Digest ( a summary of the writings of Rome's legal authorities); final product was the Institutes (a textbook of legal principles); immediately became the foundation on which all good legal developments would rest; influenced the legal system of many nations; the Napoleonic Code is based off this; granted unlimited powers to the emperor; provided some support for constitutional forms of government; maintained powers given to the ruler are delegated to him by the people and is mandated by the people can also be taken away by them; states that the state is a corporate body, not an extension of an individual's private property
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Dominicans
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formally known as the Order of Preachers; founded by the zealous Dominic of Osma, a Castilian theologian; dedicated to the prosecution of heretics and to the conversion of Jews and Muslims; hoped to achieve these goals by preaching and public debates; to further goals, many members pursued academic careers in the nascent universities and contributed to the development of philosophy and theology; most influential and intellectual of this belief is Thomas Aquinas; soon became apart of the Inquisition and many of its members is apart of this
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Exchequer
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financial offices; clerks moved counters around on a a checkered cloth to calculate receipts and expenditures
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Ferdinand of Aragon
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married Isabella of Castile to unite Spain under one monarchy; before this, Aragon and Castile fought one another to achieve supremacy over the land
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fief
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a contract in which something of value was exchanged for service; a nobleman had this contract and gave it to peasants to work for food and supplies; another word for serf; a gift or a grant that creates a kind of contractual relationship between giver and receiver, this gift could be land, revenues from a toll or a mill, or in annual sum of money; the gift implied that the recipient was subordinate to the giver
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Franciscans
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formally known as the Order of Friars Minor ("Little Brothers"); committed to the welfare of the poor and the cultivation of personal spirituality; founder of this was the son of an Italian merchant who rebelled against materialistic values of his father and stripped himself of all his worldly possessions and put on the garb of a beggar and began to preach salvation in town squares, this was Francis of Assisi; did this without official approval until willing to profess obedience to Innocent and was granted permission to preach; the most important female follower was Clare of Assisi, member of the Order of the Poor Ladies (aka: Poor Clares), not allowed to work directly among people like men did, but lived in cloistered convents supported by donations, these women ministered directly to the poor, studied the translation and the Bible unauthorized which was illegal
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Frederick Barbarossa
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king of Germany; first to be known as Holy Roman Emperor; forged close alliance with other German princes by supporting their efforts to control their own territories, in exchange, he wanted their support of his efforts to reassert imperial control over the wealthy cities of northern Italy; this started destructive wars; cities in northern Italy, led by the pope, put up a resistance against him; he tried to bypass the power of the papacy by supporting a series of papal pretenders, or "antipopes"; Pope Alexander III drove a bargain with him that if he would concede the sovereignty of the pope's rule within Rome then Alexander would concede the emperor's sovereignty within his domains and even his overlordship of the Church within those domains, this king agreed; died on a Crusade
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Frederick II, Frederick the Great
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grew up in Sicily; spoke Arabic, Italian, Latin, German, and French; had exotic animals, a troop of Muslim archers, and a harem of veiled and secluded women (all traveled with him on his journeys); supported his grandfather's policies, supported the territorial German princes, and enforced imperial rights in Italy; had to restore control over all these things; made the mistake of bypassing the Italian independent cities by ruling them directly, this led to another war which continued until he died in 1250; Frederick Barbarossa's grandson; studied outside the Holy Roman Empire near Muslim territories
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Henry I
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focused on effective governance instead of warfare; strengthened the Anglo-Norman system of local administration and instituted a system of traveling judges to administer royal justice in the countryside; introduced the method of financial accounting carried out by an office known as the Exchequer (called this because clerks moved counters around on a checkered cloths to calculate receipts and expenditures)
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Henry II
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controlled independent French counties: Normandy, Anjou, and Maine; married Eleanor, wife of France's Louis VII; had juries who were crime solvers, people who see and report crime; declared that clerics convicted of crimes such as murder in church courts should lose their clerical status and be handed over to the royal court for sentencing but the archbishop of this time, Thomas Becket, thought that all clergies accused of these crimes should be tried by the church court; this king got excommunicated from the church after he exiled Thomas and had to go to Thomas's grave and beg for forgiveness
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Henry IV
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controlled Germany; investiture - if you're electing a bishop or abbot you are investing him, both Pope and king could do this; had conflict with Pope Gregory VII because Gregory thought that no laymen should have any influence within the church; King of Germany ignored Gregory and continued to elect bishops and abbots and was then excommunicated by the Pope; Gregory started a rebellion to depose this king and this king was forced to cross the Alps and beg for forgiveness in the depths of winter by standing outside the Pope's castle for three successive days barefoot, stripped of his imperial trappings, and clad in the sackcloth of a supplicant to beg for forgiveness
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Hildegard
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an abbess and a highly original thinker; a mystic who claimed that to receive regular revelations from God and expressed these visions in writings in Latin that were later transcribed and illustrated under her supervision; composed hymns and dramas for her nuns; her advice was frequently sought by religious and secular authority, including Bernard of Clairvaux and Frederick Barbarossa; received a special papal dispensation that allowed her to preach publicly; had to fight constantly for her rights and her nuns during her lifetime; after her death, efforts to have her recognized as a saint were thwarted by the papacy; wasn't acknowledged as a Saint until 2012
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homage
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a powerful ceremony that made a vassal "the man" of his lord; the vassal would kneel and place his hands together in a position of prayer and the lord would cover the clasped hands with his own and then raise up this new "man" and exchange a kiss with him
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Iconoclasm
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people started to paint pictures of Christ as a way to worship Him but these pictures soon became idols and the Iconoclasts sought out to destroy these idols; they said that honoring these images was blasphemous because nothing made by human beings should be worshiped; the traditionalists said that these images were never objects of worship but windows to see a glimpse of Heaven; the Iconoclast movement was initiated by Emperor Leo III; is said that the reason why he made such a move to get rid of these icons was because he wanted to answer one of Islam's greatest criticisms of Christianity
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Innocent III
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founded the papal states; elected as pope at the age of 37 (youngest pope to ever be elected); goal was to unify all Christendom under papal rule; never questioned the right of kings and princes to rule in their own secular spheres; saw his role as pope as regulatory and disciplinary - meaning that when rulers sinned they should be reprimanded or excommunicated; made the papacy financially and politically independent by expanding papal territories in central Italy; loudly proclaimed his power of kingmaker and king-breaker; all Christians had to acknowledge the pope's ultimate power (those unwilling were prosecuted and punished); established primary schools for boys in all major cities, requiring bishops to recruit effective preachers, and outlawing all kinds of misbehavior on the part of the clergy; sought to increase distance between Christians and their Muslim and Jewish neighbors; made non-Christians wear distinctive clothing that is the origin of the "Jewish badge"; started the first crusade
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investiture
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if you're appointing a bishop into office you are investing him; both king and pope can do this; causes conflict between government and Church
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Isabella of Castile
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married Ferdinand of Aragon to unite Spain under one monarchy; before this, Aragon and Castile fought one another to achieve supremacy over the land
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John
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Richard the Lionheart's brother; efficient administrator; lost ancestral land to France's Phillip II; angered Norman lords and raised taxes to pay for wars to gain land back; people forced him to sign the Magna Carta
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Justinian
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overthrows ostrogothic emperor in an attempt to reunify the Roman Empire; his most positive and lasting accomplishments is that he set up laws in Roman empire and set up a group of lawyers to carry out the law this influenced many legal systems of many nations; devoutly Christian; comes from Latin tradition; most ambitious emperor since Constantine; failed to reunite Rome because he didn't have enough soldiers and supplies and had taxes go up and because of a world-wide pandemic called the Justinianic Plague which affected him too and this left them vulnerable for attacks
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Kaaba
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a shrine housing the Black Stone worshiped by many Arabian tribes; believed to be a meteorite, and hence of celestial origin; the Quraish controlled this shrine and came to dominate the economic and religious life of the whole region, forming an aristocracy of traders and entrepreneurs
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King Cnut
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king of Denmark; controlled Norway, Sweden, and Denmark; mother was a Swedish princess of Germany; had diplomatic ties to the independent principalities of Flanders Normandy; believed in Norse gods before Christianity; convinced people that they weren't raiding places but trying to open up new opurtunities to places taken over; had many economic achievements; after his death, his kingdom fell apart but was reunited through the raiding vikings that became kings
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knights
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did work for the king; held their own land freely; owed no service to the count or duke within whose territories their lands lay
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Knights Templar
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people who dedicated themselves to protecting the royal palace of King Solomon's original Temple compex
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Louis VII
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lost wife and land to Henry II; king of Franks
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Magna Carta
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Great charter; created parliament: "talking together" in French; this branch keeps watch on kings; kings could no longer raise taxes for no reason; trial by jury of peers; warrant required for arrests; no unqualified or uneducated person to hold office; king is bound by law
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Middle Ages
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17th Century; period between Ancient Times and Modern Times; was from 500 Ce - 1500 Ce; beginning of Modern Times; foundations of modern political foundations were laid in this time, relationships between Judaism, Christianity, and Islam were first formed, three new civilizations became heirs of the Roman empire: Byzantium, empire of Islam, and other western European territories that looked to the Roman Church for leadership
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Muhammad
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created the Islam religion; member of the tribe in Mecca; was an orphan and entered the service of a rich widow whom he married later on in life; had a spiritual epiphany; thereafter he had revelations which became the basis of his teachings; called a prophet and proclaimed his new faith to his tribe; changed the main city's name from Yathrib to Medina ("City of the Prophet") and began to rule here after he was kicked out of Mecca for his teachings; he and his followers raided Quraish caravans until they let him come back; Islam became an establish faith by the time he died; his teachings were preserved in the Qur'an; the beginning of Muslim time is 622
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new schools
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Charlemagne ordered that primary schools be established in every city and monastery of his realm; Pope Alexander III decreed that all cathedrals should set aside income for at least one schoolteacher, whose job would be to accept all comers, rich or poor, without fee; secular governments escalated demand for trained men with more sophisticated skills; most fundamental elements were the trivium "the 3 ways": grammar, logic, and rhetoric; women were taught at home and were more literate then men; language of schools changed from Latin to a vernacular language of the region
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Phillip II
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first king to be known as the king of France not Franks; took French lands back from king John; built an effective system of local administration; appointed royal overseers known as bailiffs who had full judicial, administrative, and military authority that were moved around frequently as to not prevent them from developing personal ties to the regions they governed and to make sure their loyalty to Phillip
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Pope Gregory I, Gregory the Great
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first bishop of Rome to envision a new role for the papacy in northwestern Europe; sought to create a more autonomous Latin Church (a church that isn't controlled by the government) by focusing attention on the untapped resources of the wild West; believed in the Purgatory (your soul goes to a waiting place where a soul can be purified before it was admitted into heaven instead of being sent to hell); put an emphasis on penance (after asking for forgiveness you make what you did wrong right basically buying your way into heaven through good deeds); taught the instruction of the laity (making sure that the leaders of the church knew the theology of what they were teaching); started the Gregorian Chant; believed it was the Jews fault why Jesus was killed; Pope started to be called father and became more powerful in the face of the church
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Quran
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teachings of Muhammad preserved in the sacred scripture of Islam; holds the established rituals and practices that help to ensure salvation of all Muslims; an Arabic word meaning "recitations"; written as poetry; includes Bible stories; different from the Bible because it states that Jesus is just a prophet; was not written by Muhammad but by the people listening to him; states that people of Islam are descendants from Abraham
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Richard the Lionheart
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Crusader; ruled in Absentia; captured in Crusade; Henry II's son
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Rus - Russia
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a group of vikings that established this kingdom name after them on the broad steppes of Eurasia; originally from Sweden; were raiders and traders in the Baltic region, where they came to dominate the Finns and Slavic peoples who lived along the seaboard; Kiev - people who established places in Steppes that the Sweden people took over; traded with Constantinople and Baghdad; solidified their move by arranged marriages with natives
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Shi-ite
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"faction"; insisted that only descendants of Ali and his wife, Muhammad's daughter Fatimah, could legitimately rule the Muslim territory; did not accept the customary religious practices that had developed over the past two caliphs who succeeded Muhammad
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St. Thomas Aquinas
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leading theologian at the University of Paris; member of the Dominican order; committed to the defense of Catholic Christianity; believed that the study of the physical world was a legitimate way of gaining knowledge of he divine; worked quietly and steadily on his two great summaries of theology, the Summa contra Gentiles (a series of arguments for refuting non-Christian religions) and Summa Theologiae; modern Roman Catholic Church still rests on his methods, doctrines, and principles
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Sunni
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believed in customary religious practices; supported the Umayyad family as the next caliphs and regarded these customs as binding; started the Umayyad Dynasty that lasted from 611-750; the majority of the Muslims; persecuted the Shi'ites as heretics; capital was in Damascus, Syria
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Thomas Becket
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archbishop of Canterbury that fought against Henry II; a longtime friend and supporter of Henry; son of immigrants who had benefited from the social mobility of town life to obtain an education and rise through the ranks of the church; exiled by Henry from England for several years because Henry tried to undermine the power of the clergy by saying that if the clergy had done a serious crime than they should lose their power in the church and be tried by the royal courts for sentencing and this archbishop said no; when he returned from exile, he was killed by 4 of Henry's knights and was quickly proclaimed a martyr and a saint
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Umayyad Dynasty
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aka Sunnis; controlled most of Muslims; supporters created strong state centered on Damascus; their caliph functioned as a Roman successor state; dominated the Mediterranean for several generations; came to an end when they tried to attack Constantinople twice; Abbasids led a successful rebellion against them
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universities
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a unique public forum for advanced study, the questioning of received ideas, and the resolution of critical problems; "corporation" in Latin; higher academic study of the liberal arts, with special emphasis on theology; students of law came here to study law; Paris and Bologna provided two basic models on which medieval these were based on; guilds of teachers and established fees for tuition and rules of conduct there; Oxford and Cambridge still retain these beliefs; poorer students were often endowed by a private benefactor; had to pass an examination to get in and had to spend four years studying here; had to study liberal arts and after passing, got a bachelor of arts degree; then could get his master of arts; then get the doctor of laws, medicine, or theology; this was accomplished by reading and commenting on standard texts; it took 13 years to get a doctorate or degree of doctor of philosophy; required 8 years to get the masters; student life was rowdy because students studied from ages 12-15; prone to drunkenness
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vassal
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recipient of a fief (the serf)
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Vikings
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founded Iceland (warm and successful, world's first parliamentary democracy, and formed the Althing which is a Norse word meaning the same as the Latin res publica, most culturally distinctive polities of the Middle Ages and would produce a fascinating and influential body of poetic forms and literary entertainments, notably the sagas), Greenland (cold and not successful), and Newfoundland (on the eastern coast of modern day Canada and ran away when Indians started to attack them); from Russia, Finland, Sweden, and Norway and began to travel north; great seamen; created their own ships with machines; raided parts of Europe and took control of many places; had a bad reputation because they would steal from and destroy cities; intermarried with the Franks and adopted their language
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William of Normandy, William the Conquerer
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duke of Normandy; claimed to be the rightful heir of the English throne; English, ignoring his claim, elected Harold as king; Harold was defeated by this person in 1066 (beginning of modern England) at the Battle of Hastings; ruled like a feudal lord and claimed that the crown owned the land and he could give power to whoever he wanted; had sheriffs that enforced the law; collected money and taxes and had his own army
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