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46 Cards in this Set
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Gibbon |
what: Edward Gibbon explained history without reference to the will of God in Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. He, along with Machiavelli blamed christianity for the fall of rome, he had a bunch of supporting evidence. Reflected Enlightenment thought.Who: Edward Gibbon, British historian and member of Parliamentwhen: Published in 1776; lived 1737-1794where:significance: |
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Historiography |
what: Both the study of methodology and development of history as a disciplineThe writing of history as to interpret it, often deals with differing opinions, why they did something and what the importance was. What historians have written about the past, sometimes differing from true facts. Comes into play when historians try to explain why/how something happened.when: represented by Gibbon’s work, apparently was on the rise during that timewhere:who:significance: |
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Hagiography |
what: stories about the the lives of Christian saints, conveyed values that Germanic people would see as virtuous (faith=loyalty to God, hope=bravery, charity=love)when: Began 2nd century AD (Encyclopedia Brittanica)where:who:significance: provided information on the history and development of early Christianity as well as provided inspirational stories and legends. |
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Huns |
who: a nomadic group of people (warriors) in Eastern Europe and Central Asia what: Had new military tactics, (lassos and bows that could be shot on horseback, skilled horsemen)Kingship based on plunder to bring honor.where: Eastern Europe and Central Asiawhen:invaded eastern Europe in 4th century (375)Hunnish Empire: 400 (373-453)significance: caused mass migrations of people to Rome and Italy, fleeing the Huns, which “eventually transformed the western empire” (Hunt p. 222), |
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Franks |
who: Germanic tribewhat: Developed monarchical stateLarger empire than the anglo saxonsThey were different from other migrating barbarian tribes because they had a relationship with the bishop of rome--reshaped Western Roman Empire by transforming Roman Gaul into Franciawhere: Gaul and Northern Europewhen: Settled in Gaul in 400/500’sMigrated south and west in the 6th century Merovingians: 500-730 Carolingians: 730-1000--Charlemagne, promoting of Christianity, renaissance, land and powersignificance: Migrated south to develop monarchical state that was larger than the Anglo Saxons empire |
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Saxons |
who: Germanic tribewhat: settled in large parts of Britain eventually forming into the Kingdom of England when: 5th-11th c.where: Northern Germany and England significance: Were able to consolidate power and have most organized/stable monarchy in Europe from 900-1066. |
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The ordeal |
who:what: How Germanic society handled disputes, social practice of judgement.Bilateral ordeal - God will judge the winner by physical fight.Unilateral ordeal - Had to perform judgement (ie trial by water/fire/lightning/etc).when: c. 1000????? Early middle ageswhere: Germanic culture, Anglo-Saxon Englandsignificance: preceded legal codes/courts that would determine guilt |
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Hagia Sophia* |
what: Largest cathedral in the world for 1000 years, largest dome structure for 800 years. Museum now. One of Emperor Justinian's 3 accomplishments. Very large space, "awe inspiring"where: Constantinople/Istanbulwhen: constructed in 6th centurywho: ordered to be constructed by Emperor Justiniansignificance: Reflected roman architectural traditions not Greek. An example of rulers using architecture to demonstrate their piety and power. |
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Justinian Code |
what: Attempt to take 1000 years of roman law and condense them. Wanted to make numerous categories of laws and this code into a coherent system. who: Emperor Justinianwhen: first issued 529 (early 6th century), revised laterwhere: Eastern Roman Empire (later aka Byzantine Empire)significance: Categorized and organized earlier laws. Most influential legal code - during the 1700s they began to imitate this code for the western churches law (called the canon law). 1804 - Napoleon came up with the Napoleonic legal code for all of Europe based off of this. |
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Iconoclasm |
Who: Implemented by Emperor Leo III the IsaurianIslam then Christians in the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire).What: rejection and/or destruction of all religious images, diversion of western and eastern christianityWhen: 726-787, during Isaurian Dynasty (717-802)--- Hunt p. 251Where: East Christians, Byzantine Empiresignificance: Christians were losing battles while Islam was winning and Islam stated it was because they didn’t have any images of God so Emperor Leo III melted the icon images. Huge impact on artwork and worship forms in Catholic Church in Byzantium. Monasteries assoc. with icons, so their prestige declined. (Hunt 251) |
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Tonsure |
Who: MonksWhat: Shaving of head for religious devotion, setting monks apart from commoners. Celtic monks’ tonsures were different than those of Roman monks. Part of hair was shaved off.Where: all over Catholic EuropeWhen: 600-800significance: Different hairstyles to show they were monks, set themselves apart and make themselves identifiable, and promote more reverence by the people. The hairstyle was meant to represent the Crown of Thorns. |
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Synod of Whitby |
when: 664where: Whitby Abbey, Englandwho: meeting of churchmen and King Oswy of Northumbria what: Meeting held by Anglo-Saxons for those to follow Roman Church over Celtic church. significance: Led to the adoption of the Roman brand of Christianity in England, Organized by Northumrbian King Oswy -- resolved the conflict over the dating of easter, changed from Celtic Christianity to Roman Christianity, adoption of tonsure -- Celtic Christianity begins to die out |
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Treaty of Verdun |
when: 843who: Louis the Pious’s sons (Charlemagne’s grandsons)what: split the Carolingian Empire into three parts among Louis the Pious’s three sons (Charlemagne’s grandsons)where: Carolingian EmpireSignificance: “Roughly defined the future political contours of western Europe.” (Hunt p. 285) Division was fine until Lothair’s death, which lead to fighting over the territory causing decline of Charlemagne’s European empire |
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Vassalage |
what: Exchange of land to knights for services, structure of feudal society, designed to ensure loyalty, usually had ceremony and sworn oath of fealtywhen: began 9th century in Carolingian Empirewhere: throughout Europe, beginning in Carolingian Empirewho: knights and noblessignificance: Began to fail once people began thinking of land as their own and privatizing public land. Contributed to fragmentation of authority, political power begins to break down as vassals are given land and becoming autonomous |
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The three orders |
what: Social paradigm imagined by monks, divided medieval European society into three groups--- those who pray (clergy), those who fight (knights), and those who work (peasants) --- became the way of viewing society,“hierarchies of dependence” (Hunt 290)when: 10th Century (900s), influential in 14th centurywhere: began in modern-day France (Carolingian Empire), spread throughout Europewho: subjects of Carolingian Empire, eventually most of Western Europesignificance: Became the basis for assemblies like the Estates General, rise of feudalism |
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Peaced of God |
what: Medieval European movement of the Catholic Church that applied spiritual sanctions in order to limit the violence of private war in feudal society. Those who fought were obligated to restrict violence to knight class.when: Began 989 AD, survived in some form to the thirteenth century. who: all classes of society, initially the Frenchwhere: began in South of France, spread to wider region by 1050significance: The movement constituted the first organized attempt to control civil society in medieval Europe through non-violent means. A way of curbing local violence from castellans. Peace of God/Truce of God becomes the basis for Pope Urban II’s call for the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont, turning the crowd into a “peace militia dedicated to holy purposes” (Hunt 324) |
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Reconquista |
what: The effort of Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain when: 1000s - 1492where: Iberian Peninsulawho: European Catholics, supported by Pope, against Muslimssignificance: Demonstrated the increasing involvement of politics and power struggles in previously religious undertakings, “formed political configuration of Spain that would last for centuries” (Hunt 360) (Aragon in east, Castile in middle, Portugal in west). Encouraged people to take part in military endeavors |
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Council of Clermont |
what: Council called by Pope Urban II to call for military action against Muslims in the Holy Landwhen: 1095 (late 11th century) where: Francewho: Pope Urban II, European Catholicssignificance: Pope Urban II began crusades by offering a pardon for all sins for those who would fight (indulgence). Resulted in First Crusade and many after |
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First Crusade |
what: massive pilgrimage to Jerusalem to retake Holy Land from Muslims, resulted in the massacre of Jews, sacking of Jerusalem, and establishment of the crusader states in the name of Christianitywhen: c. 1100where: Jerusalem, Crusade was proclaimed at Council of Clermont. People from all over Europe went to the Holy Landwho: Pope Urban II, European Catholicssignificance: First in a series of Crusades. Absolution granted to anyone who would go. Attracted huge number of crusaders from all over Europe. Established a group of Crusader States in the Holy Land under Catholic rule. Brought Mediterranean and Middle Eastern building techniques and technology to Europe. Increased interaction between West & Byzantine |
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Pogroms* |
what: systematic outbreaks of violence and persecution against Jews in Europe because they looked/dressed differently and were favored minority by many European rulerswho: Jews & Catholicswhen: began in 1096 (first crusade)where: began in the Rhineland, spreadsignificance: Rumors that Jews were responsible for Jesus’ crucifixion, defiled Eucharist, stealing and killing of children made them favored minority of some European rulers. Systematic persecutions of Jews when the preaching of the 2nd Crusade led to new attacks on the Jews. |
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Decretum Gratium |
what: foundation for systematic canon law of church courts. Organized church laws into system with compartments who: Benedictine monk, Gratianwhen: 12th c. (c. 1140)where: Italy, Catholic Europesignificance: Foundation for systematic Canon Law of church courts. Organization of church laws similar to organization in Justinian Code. Church courts became most popular in 12th century Europe for judgments on control of property.More rational; used the scholastic methodology |
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Investiture Conflict |
When: 1075What: Confrontation of King Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII. Henry wanted to appoint clergymen but Gregory admonished him. Henry asked him to step down as Pope. Gregory called for a synod to excommunicate and suspend Henry from office.Where: Germany?Who: Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IVsignificance: Power struggle between the Church and secular rulers, major civil war in Germany, upheaval in the distribution of power across Western Europe |
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Gothic style |
When: c. 1140What: It was a type of architecture/art formations, Style of Cathedrals in the 13th century, Broken arches with ribbed vaulting, Flying buttresses, Stained glass windows, Statues realistic, Notre Dame Cathedral.Where: ParisWho: French, evolved from Romanesque architecture significance: Represented the church’s high prestige since it took centuries to finish and the church was now the highest structure in the city. Moved away from Romanesque architecture, intended to “to lead people to knowledge that touched the divine” (Hunt p. 343) |
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Hanseatic League |
What: A confederation of powerful, armed merchants; the extensive trade network around the Baltic Sea. “Loose federation of mainly north German cities formed to protect their mutual interests in defense and trade – and art” (Hunt 419)Where: The coast of Northern Europe When: 12th - 16th centurywho: powerful merchants and cities significance: Increased markets and availability of resources, dramatic population increase, walls of city expanded, women started living longer due to more iron in their diets |
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Fourth Lateran Council |
what: most important council of the Middle Ages; issued a creed against Albigensianism, published reformatory decrees, promulgated the doctrine of transubstantiation and defined sacrament of the Eucharist, desired to control Jews (force them to wear distinguishing clothing), addressed marriage, and clarified church doctrine on the Trinity and Incarnation as well as condemning heretics.who: organized by Pope Innocent IIIwhen: 1214where: Romesignificance: established many anti-semitism laws (ie: had to dress differently if you were Jewish so that you could be clearly distinguished). Fear of mixing Jews and Christians. |
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Troubadour |
What: Male lyric poets who performed for nobility and wrote in Occitan. Poems sung. About “chansons de geste” (song of heroic deeds aka epic poems) and love they couldn’t have. Placed women on a pedestal who: male lyric poetsWhen: High Middle AgesWhere: Europesignificance: Enhanced virtue of chivalry in knights |
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Spiritual Franciscans |
what: Radical proponents of apostolic poverty; Persecuted by Pope John XXII - declared them heretics and burned them at the stakewhen: declared heretics in 1300swho: Started by an aspiring friar: Francis of Assisi in 12th-13th cwhere: Italysignificance: Pope viewed as whore of Babylon, corrupt, and leading world into a period of anti-Christ. Believed Church was corrupt due to monetary influences. |
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Divine Comedy |
Who: Written by Dante AlighieriWhat: An epic poem; it is an allegory depicting the soul’s journey to God through hell, purgatory, and heaven. Where: Florence (Italy)When: 14th century significance: Written in the Vernacular (not Latin) for others to understand Christianity, increased literacy rates |
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Defender of the Peace (1324) |
what: Marsilius argued that the source of all power lay with the people: Christians themselves formed the church; the pope should be elected by a general council representing all christians.who: Marsilius, Louis IV, Pope John XXII, Christian peoplewhen: 1324where: Padua, Italysignificance: indicates an increase in the distrust and disillusionment in the papacy because of corruption, scandal, and misuse of money |
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Hundred Years War |
who: England and Francewhat: fought over English and French claims to land in Northern Francewhere: Northern France (Normandy and Burgundy)when: 1337-1453significance: change in warfare (primarily hired mercenaries in armies, rise of foot soldiers and archers, intro of gunpowder (cannons, handguns), professionalization of military, decline of chivalry), rise in the voice of peasants and commoners (rebellions and beginning of the end of serfdom) |
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Black Death |
what: epidemic outbreak of bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic plague (Yersinia pestis) in Europe that killed between 1/3 and 2/3 of the population in less than five years. Spanned from China to England to North Africa, transmitted along the Silk Road, other trade routes, and the Hunswhere: Europe, China, North Africa when: 1347-1352who: European populationsignificance: rise of the middle class, more opportunity for social mobility, wages were higher and rent was lower, change in warfare - middle class could increasingly take part in warfare |
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Transubstantiation |
what: Belief that bread and wine used in sacrament of the Eucharist become body and blood of Christ when blessedwho: Practice condemned by Luther and rejected by Protestantswhen: 1214 (defined at the Fourth Lateran Council) 1520 (condemned by Luther)where: in practice throughout Roman Catholic Europesignificance: condemned by Luther, leading to the Protestant Reformation |
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Literary Humanism |
What: Recovering of lost knowledge and combat the continual decay of knowledge, scholasticism, revival of ancient classics (Aristotle, Socrates, Virgil, etc.)Where: ItalyWhen: 1300s ?Significance: Literary humanists wrote many books on how society should function in regards to morality. Made people more intelligent (raised literacy rates) and granted power to rulerswho: Scholars and wealthy |
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Great Schism |
What: French sent an ambassador to deprecate the election of Urban VI → elected a new pope (Clement VII) who moved back to Avignon → two popes excommunicated the followers of the other → cardinals called for a meeting, elected new pope (John XXIII)who: Urban VI, Clement VII, John XXIIIwhen: 1378-1417, East/West Churches Split 1054. where: Rome and Avignon (East and West churches)significance: General weakening of the authority of the Church in civil affairs, the idea of Purgatory takes precise form and indulgences become popular |
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Estates general |
what: France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. used these representatives to constrain control in churchwho: assembled by Philip IVwhen: 1302-1789significance: The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution. Accused pope of murder, black magic, homosexuality and keeping a demon as a petLeft wing -- supported revolutionRight wing -- supported tradition |
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Utraquism |
(Found this on the internet) any of the spiritual descendants of Jan Hus who believed that the laity, like the clergy, should receive the Eucharist under the forms of both bread and wine (Latin utraque, “each of two”; calix, “chalice”). Unlike the militant Taborites (also followers of Hus), the Utraquists were moderates and maintained amicable relations with the Roman Catholic Church. As a consequence, the Council of Basel in 1433 declared them to be true Christians. In 1434 the Utraquists joined Catholic Czech forces to defeat the Taborites at the Battle of Lipany. When, however, the Utraquists developed into an independent church, Rome withheld approval, even though Roman bishops officiated at Utraquist ordinations to the priesthood. The Utraquists, together with all other Protestant sects, were outlawed in Bohemia after the Battle of White Mountain in 1620.the dogma held by the Hussites that everyone should have access to both the bread and the wine during the Eucharist |
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Indulgences |
Indulgenceswhat: paid certain amount of money to church to get into Heaven where:when:who:significance: Luther and Reformation was a reaction against indulgences |
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Confraternities |
what: male social organizations dedicated to special aspects of christianity, showed how christian concepts were deeply embedded in culture.where: across Western Europe especially in urban centerswhen: c. 1000 - c. 1600significance: they were significant because they demonstrated the institutionalization that christianity was sinking into the roots of medieval society |
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Donation of Constantine |
When: 1440 (Year it was discredited)Where: ItalyWhat: A treatise that Popes could use against secular rulers for control over something. Valla discredited it as a false document based on rhetoric.Who: Lorenzo Valla: poet, philosopher, lit. critic. Worked for king of Naples who was fighting the popes.significance: Demonstrated how humanist skills could discredit powerful peopleNotes from classwas written in the 300s by the emperor Constantine, They thought the pope had given them western europe, as constantine left he left the bishop of rome in charge Lorenzo valla realized that it was not 4th century grammar (latin), He knew it was a forgery, Valla was eventually hired by the popeHe realized it was actually from the 8th centuryUsed in the 1100s Proved a forgery in the 1400s |
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Caravel |
what: small, fast Spanish/Portuguese shipswho: created by Portuguesewhere: northern Europe, Iberian Peninsulawhen: 1433significance: bettered warfare |
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Sola Scriptura |
what: The Protestant doctrine that stated the Bible is the ultimate authority, not the Pope, preached by Martin Luther (means ‘by scripture alone’)who: Martin Lutherwhere: Germanywhen: 1520 (in publication of Freedom of a Christian)significance: challenged the way people thought about papal authority, spilled over to challenging secular authority |
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Sola Fide |
what: The doctrine that entry to heaven is based on faith alone, and not good workswho:when:where:significance: criticized selling of indulgences, challenged orthodoxy with orthodoxy |
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Act of Supremacy |
Act of Supremacy what: legislation that established Henry VIII as head of the church of England (protestant) who: Henry VIIIwhen: 1534where: Englandsignificance: |
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Peace of Augsburg |
what: treaty between Charles V and League of Schmalkalden, put religious authority in the hands of the holy roman emperorwho: treaty between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Lutheran princeswhere: at the imperial city of Augsburgwhen: 1555significance: one cause of 30 years war |
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Habsburgs |
who/what: Most powerful family in Europe, controlled Spain and Holy Roman Empire. Leaders of international Catholic movementwhere:when:significance: |
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Reason of State |
what: political ideology that state takes priority over everything elsewho: Cardinal Richelieu of France – proponent of reason of state (c. 1620)where: Francewhen: significance: Stated that citizens are loyal first to the state of france, and 2nd to church of Rome |
