Western Civilization Exam Review

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Sumerians

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the creators of the first Mesopotamian civilization

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Sargon

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leader of the Akkadians, overran the Sumerian city-states and set up the first empire in world history

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Hammurabi

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remembered for his law of codes, a collection of 282 laws.

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City-State

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the basic units of Sumerian civillization

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Ziggurat

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a massive stepped tower where temples were often built on

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Theocracy

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a government by devine authority

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Empire

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a large political unit or state, usually under a single leader, that controls many peoples or territories

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Patriarchal

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mesopotamia society was dominated by men

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Polytheistic

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the belief in many gods

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Cuneiform

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a system of writing

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Dynasty

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a family of rulers whose right to rule is passed on within the family

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Pharaoh

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powerful rulers

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Bureaucracy

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an administrative organization with officials and regular procedures

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Vizier

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"steward of the whole land"

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Hieroglyphics

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"priest-carvings" or "sacred writings"

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Menes

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the king united the villages of Upper (southern) and Lower (northern) Egypt into a single kingdom and created the first Egyptian royal dynasty

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Hieratic Script

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a highly simplified version of heiroglyphics

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Hyksos

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invasion of Egypt by a group of people from western Asia, who used horse-drawn war chariots

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Hatshepsut

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the first woman to become pharaoh

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Akhenaton

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"It is well with Aton," closed the temples of other gods

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Tutankhamen

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boy-pharaoh, who restored the old gods

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Ramses II

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the third pharaoh of the 19th Dynasty of Egypt

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Cleopatra

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tried to reestablish Egypt's independence

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Pastoral Nomads

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domesticated animals for both food and clothing

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Monotheistic

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the belief in one God

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Indo-European

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refers to a particular group of people who used a language derived from a single parent tongue

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Hittites

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people who created their own empire in western Asia and even threatened the power of the Egyptians

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Phoenicians

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lived in the area of Palestine along the Mediterranean coast on a narrow band of land 120 miles long

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Israelites

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they were a minor factor in the politics of the region

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King Solomon

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ruled from 970 to 930 B.C., the Israelites had established control over all of Palestine and made Jerusalem into the capital of Israel

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Assyrians

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a semitic-speaking people who exploited the use of iron weapons to establish an empire by 700 B.C

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Nebuchadnezzar

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made Babylonia the leading state in western Asia, rebuilt Babylon as the center of his empire and gave it a reputation as one of the great cities of the ancient world.

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Persians

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an Indo-European people who lived in what is today southwestern Iran.

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Cyrus

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created a powerful Persian state that stretched from Asia Minor to western India

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Darius

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added a new Persian province in western India that extended to the Indus River

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Immortals

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their numbers were never allowed to fall below ten thousand

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Zoroaster

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was the supreme god who brought all things into being

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Aristocracy

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an upper class whose wealth is based on land and whose power is passed on from one generation to another

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Mandate of Heaven

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believed that Heaven- which was an impersonal law of nature- kept order in the universe through the Zhou king