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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Glorious Revolution
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The name given to the relatively bloodless transfer of power from James II to Mary and William of Orange. Parliament had been patient with James II, believing he would “die soon enough”, but then he had a baby, so in 1688 they decided they had to take action. They invited Mary, James’ eldest daughter, to take the throne with her husband, William. William and Mary agree, arrive with an army, and James II is so shocked that he flees and ends up living in exile. Parliament felt hopeful that William’s ruling style would be more agreeable, as they had seen the way that he worked with aristocrats in the Netherlands. Parliament passed a Bill of Rights guaranteeing that the aristocrats have the right to meet and help govern the country. William signed this and agreed to work with Parliament, a triumph of constitutionalism in England.
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Royal Absolutism
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In Europe (specifically France) during the 17th and 18th centuries, some monarchs worked to consolidate, elevate, and completely maximize their power through a system called royal absolutism. They believed in the “divine right to rule” and sought to strengthen the monarchy and establish supreme dominance without checks and balances. In France, Henry IV began the path to complete absolutism. He created a body of bureaucrats that were completely loyal to him and embraced the system. His successors continued this trend. Louis XIV came into power in 1661 and wished to rule completely on his own, with no advisors. He was quite successful in his efforts toward absolutism, but through his unadvisable fighting during the War of the Spanish Succession, resulting in the bankruptcy of France, he also exemplifies where this idea can go terribly wrong.
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Cardinal Richelieu
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1624-1642. Always looking for more ways to give more power to the King. Elevates Royal Authority. Appointed by Louis XIII. Intendants – Brings in the sons of merchants & craftsmen, etc. Turns them into Intendants. You will now govern an area. The locals in the area send him right back. Richelieu says “don’t worry, here’s a new letter and 500 soldiers”. Now taxes are sent in at the full value collected. The treasury doubles. Makes the king not care about the complaints of the nobility.
Richelieu is very unpopular outside of France. |
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The Fronde
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1648-1653. Civil wars in France. Nobles join riots. Royal family disappears & goes into hiding. France is left without a government. Nobility realizes they can’t control the lower classes. They beg Mazarin & Royal Family to come back. Promise to be loyal. He makes a deal with the aristocrats & creates…Paris Parlement
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Napoleonic Code
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In 1804, Napoleon issued a Civil Code (known as the Napoleonic Code) to replace the confusing feudal law system. This code guaranteed many rights for men including legal equality and paternal authority over women and their families, but was a total defeat for women. Women’s rights were severely restricted and they were left totally dependent on their husbands. The Napoleonic Code was significant because it was an attempt to affirm the Enlightenment-inspired reforms and established a law system that was clear to everyone and influenced the legal systems of other European countries.
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Bastille
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The name of a fortress-prison in Paris, France. On July 14th, 1789, a crowd of rioting Parisians stormed the Bastille to acquire arms, gunpowder, and to free the prisoners. The Bastille only had supplies to withstand two days of siege, so they could not hold off the rioters for long. The crowd murdered the governor and displayed his head on a pike. The storming of the Bastille was significant because Parisians successfully took down what they saw as a symbol of the oppressive regime of the past while inciting riots and uprisings in other parts of France.
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Continental System
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From 1806 to 1814, Napoleon implemented a plan, called the Continental System, to stop all trade with Britain. His goal was to isolate and weaken Britain economically, and eventually invade after the economic collapse. British exports fell between 25% and 55%. Other nations, like Belgium and Switzerland, benefitted from reduced competition in trade. The Continental System is a significant example of Napoleon’s foreign policy and how his ambition would exceed his means. The Continental System increased opposition to Napoleon and did not work as well as he intended for it to – Britain’s counterblockade actually weakened port cities and some industries in France. Russia did not follow the restrictions of the system for long, and this served as an incentive for Napoleon to invade Russia, which proved to be a major turning point of the war.
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Frederick II
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Ruled Prussia from 1740-1786. Son of Frederick William. Did not care about the Military. Fan of the Enlightenment ideas. Father forced him into an arranged marriage, he ran away with his BF, watched his BF get executed in front of him, bad relationship with his father. Frederick "shapes up" and makes his dad happy...his dad asks him to never go to war on his deathbead. Frederick says not to worry. But he almost immediately goes to war as soon as he takes over. He attacks the HRE for no real reason. The wars he starts led to the American Revolution, which led to the French Revolution, which lead to Napoleon.
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Peter the Great
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Co-Tsar of Russia with weak half-brother Ivan. Peter grows up right near the foreigners' village, outside of Moscow. He learns a great deal about Western Europe through this. Fascinated by the military. Builds an army, gets rid of sister Sophia who has been ruling as a regent. Starts & wins the Great Northern War, takes a lot of land from Sweden, builds new capital in St. Petersburg, models it after Paris. Transforms Russia. Changes the perception of Russia & makes it a major power in Europe.
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Parliament
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1215-present. Legislative body of England. Parliament was composed of aristocrats. They felt they had rights - to create an army, advise the king, etc. Elizabeth had worked closely with Parliament. In 1603, James I took over, and did not have any interest in working with Parliament. Charles I takes over in 1625, people hope he'll be better, but he's worse. Civil war from 1642-1649 - Roundheads (Parliamentary army) and Cavaliers (King's Army). Things don't go well for the Cavaliers. Oliver Cromwell leads "Rump" Parliament to get rid of the monarchy and establish a "Commonwealth". When he dies, Parliament invites Charles II to rule...he doesn't like meeting with Parliament...then James II dissolves Parliament...then Parliament welcomes William & Mary and they sign a bill of rights, guaranteeing Parliament the right to meet...triumph of constitutionalism.
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Treaty of Utrecht
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Resolves the War of the Spanish Succession. 1713. France wants to install a Bourbon family king in Spain to end the encirclement of France by the Habsburgs. Louis' grandson, Philip, is recognized as the king, but Louis has to give up a bunch of land. Spain is totally bankrupt, so the HRE doesn't really want it anyway. Now France is bankrupt. By the time Louis dies in 1715, France is so heavily in debt that it never recovers. Significant because Louis' determination to win this war (against the warnings from his advisors) bankrupts France. Exemplified how Absolutism can go terribly wrong.
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Pragmatic Sanction
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1713 - An agreement to allow Maria Therese to rule the HRE after the death of Charles VI. He bribes everyone to recognize her. Significant because this compromises the kingdom so she inherits a heavily indebted, weakened kingdom. Also, Frederick William signed, but Frederick II did not, and he uses this to begin a war.
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Habsburgs
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Family that ruled Spain and the HRE in the 16th-17th centuries. Hated by the French. French were "surrounded" on three sides by the Habsburgs. They considered this a threat and it led to several wars, including the 30 years war. In the War of the Spanish Succession, France succeeds in installing a Bourbon family king to end the encirclement of France by the Habsburgs.
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Hohenzollerns
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Dynasty that ruled Brandenburg-Prussia. 11th Century - 1918.
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Bourbons
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16th-19th century ruling family of France. Also ruled Spain after the Treaty of Utrecht. Anti-Habsburgs. In the War of the Spanish Succession, France succeeds in installing a Bourbon family king to end the encirclement of France by the Habsburgs.
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Prussia
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1525-1947. Duchy-turned-kingdom comprised of Prussia and Brandenburg. Ruled by the Hohenzollerns (Frederick William, Frederick II). Annexed part of Poland. Dominant power in Germany, outshining Austria. Took Silesia from Austria.
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Seven Years' War
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1756-1763. French & Indian War. The war was fought primarily between the colonies of British America and New France, with both sides supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France, who declared war on each other in 1756. In the same year, the war escalated from a regional affair into a world-wide conflict. Significant because the Americans welcome the British troops initially - they see opportunity - they see their borders expanding and hope to buy up land cheaply. Turns into a massive perspective clash between Americans and British. British decide to keep a huge number of soldiers there to "protect" the Americans from the natives & keep an eye on them. Heavy presence of British army in the colonies, increased taxes, and lost economic opportunity for Americans leads to the American Revolution.
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Philosophes
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Intellectuals of the 18th century Enlightenment. Voltaire, Locke, Kant. Locke brought back up and further progressed the Tabula Rasa theory. Individuals may define the content of their own character. Endorsed progress and tolerance. Inspired a great deal of reforms.
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