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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Spread of Calvinism
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Swedish John Calvins ideas appeal to the French
Ideas – the bible is the highest authority in Christianity, not the Pope. Saved - justification by faith Predestination – all beings predestined for heaven or hell punishing humanity for sins of Adam and Eve, if you had conversion experience, or were successful you might be select few to enter heaven. Encouraged people to try hard to live a good moral life. |
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Huguenots
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French Calvinists – face a lot of opposition from the church
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Catherine De Medici
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Charles IX's regent, lusts for power, ruthless, inspired by a book The Prince – she used it as her guide book. She uses both Protestants and Catholics to achieve her goals but ultimately sides with the Catholics when civil war breaks out.
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French Religious wars
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8 consecutive wars
during the 3rd war is when St. Bartholomew's massacre happens |
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Gaspard de Coligny
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during the 3rd war of the french religouis wars the huguenots want a spokesman, Admiral of France
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St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
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When plot to kill Gaspard de Coligny fails Catherine de Medicci orders that all Huguenots in Paris killed. 3000 killed. event is taken as order to kill all Huguenots in France and 10000 more are killed.
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Henry Navaare
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he was supposed to marry Marguerite as a huguenot but massacre happens and is forced to convert to Catholism.
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Phillip II and Pope's reaction to massacre
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Phillip laughs and pope rewards messenger with 100 crowns
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Henry II King of France
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Has three sons, all rule. Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III. It is during Chares IX's rule that Catherine de Medici is regent and French religous wars happen
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Henry III
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He engages in strange behavior, dresses in women’s clothes, performs on stage, he is a moderate catholic, and those who supported him were a moderate faction.
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Henry of Guise (duke
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leads the radical faction that is annoyed by Henry IIIs policies.
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Henry of Navaare during Henry IIIs reign
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Back to being a Huguenot
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the 8th war in the French religious wars
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The Spanish send troops in from the south in what they thought was in support of the king. The German Calvinists also send troops. The English also help the Calvinists under Elizabeth. Henry of Guise joins with the Spanish to depose the king and exterminate the Calvinists. They surround Paris in the summer of 1588 but the king escapes. The king agrees to make Henry of Guise his chief minister but Henry III had been paying attention to current events and he knew that the Spanish were attacking England and his mom was dying, so he devises a plot to assassinate Henry of Guise and does. The king now openly joins Henry Navaare against the French Nobles, and they surround the capitol to take it back. Henry III is assassinated in the process but appoints Henry Navaare to take over. Henry IIIs death ends a dynasty.
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Politiques
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a French person who believed political stability was more important than religion. The people influenced Henry Navaare, he converts back to Catholicism to satisfy Catholics and is crowned king Henry IV (1593-1610) (begins the Bourbon Dynasty)
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Henry IV
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was henry of Navaare became king when Henry, Drives out the Spanish who are still determined to destroy Huguenots
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Edict of Nantes
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Treaty issues ending the civil wars in france.
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Lepanto
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Turks capture the island of Cyprus
An alliance is formed with the Italian states and the Vatican, combined forces of 260 ships and 30000 men They sail eastward and meet the Turkish ships (300 of them) in the bay of the town Lepanto, the Christians defeat the Turks and the Turks never recover. This is the last time when ships like this (ore ships) will fight. The Turkish expansion is stopped and is a great victory for Phillip II. |
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Prince William of Orange
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Dutch’s main leader. Orange isn’t in Holland, it is in France, his title was inherited.
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Dutch Revolt
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The Dutch rise up against Phillip II in an attempt to break away from Spain.
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Union of Utrecht
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In 1579 the Dutch felt that they had achieved enough success to declare themselves independent and met in the town of Utrecht for the Union of Utrecht.. Two years later a highly aristocratic government is formed
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Union of Arras
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The Southern Dutch meet in Arras for the Union of Arras to stay close to the Spanish and gain some identity.
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Elizabeth / Spanish Armada
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Phillip II assembled 130 ships and they sail from Portugal headed for England from Cadiz. They approach the channel by midsummer, and had planned to pick up the army (20,000 troops) in the Netherlands. The problem was that Spain wasn’t familiar with the channel. The armada sailed in crescent formation. The English have longer range weapons and take long-range shots at them.
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Sir Francis Drake / Spanish Armada
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sends flaming ships at the armada and wreaks havoc on them and throws the whole timetable off. Another day of naval battle follows and by the time the remnants of the armada reach the rendezvous point the army isn’t there. They decide to sail back to Spain going around England through the North Sea. Some ships are crushed on the shoreline, some are lost at sea. The Englishman had men on shore ready to slaughter the men in the ships if they landed. By late fall about half of the fleet limps back into the harbor, about 63 ships. It is a total disaster for Phillip II and he takes complete responsibility for it and has himself tortured. He launches several more armadas and all fail.
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end of the high point for Spain
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Failure of Phillip II to defeat the British
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Peace of Augsburg
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ended the Germans Catholic and Lutheran fighting. Whoever ruled the territory would decide what religoun was allowed in that territory. It did not recognize Calvinists as a legitimate faith, and Calvinists became resentful. The Holy Roman Emperors were all Catholic and they made it known that they would drive out the Calvinists or convert them.
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30 Years War
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Four wars combined into 4 phases, Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, French/Swedish phases
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Bohemian Phase
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The Bohemians form army against emperors mercenaries. The imperial army crushes the Bohemians. Their leaders are captured and executed. Drags on though other Calvinists weary. King of Denmark intervenes beginning next phase.
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Danish Phase
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King sends troops in from the north into Germany to support Calvinists. Emperor wants a competent general to lead his army. Albrecht Von Wallenstein (general) easily defeats the Danes and drives them bank into Denmark. Danes don’t intervene and Ferdinand issues an edict to outlaw Calvinism at the end of this phase. Leaving the door open for the next phase
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Swedish Phase / Gustavus Adolphus
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Swedish king and they want to stop the Habsburgs. He is a staunch Lutheran. The French secretly urge him to intervene. His army links up with other Calvinist forces and the meet the imperialist army at the town of Brietenfeld in 1631. The Swedes are the first uniformed professional army. A lot of them carry muskets. Musket men form the ranks to face the Calvary to drive them off (hopefully). Most of the fighting is done with pikes but some canons, pistols but they are crude. Adolph army is well disciplined. Swedes defeat the imperial army for the first time in 30 years of war.
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Swedish Phase / Wallenstein
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The emperor brings back Wallenstein, but he has demands. He wants a free hand in all decisions and to take away the edict outlawing Calvinism. Next year 2 armies meet at town of Lutzen in 1632. Adolph gets to close to the action and is mortally wounded and dies several days later. They hold the field but the loss of their king was a heavy blow. The two armies pull back to regroup. This phase dies out in 1635 and emperor removes Wallenstien from command. Wallenstien tries to convince his army to stay loyal to him but several of his former officers assassinate him.
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French/Swedish Phase
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in 1648 the French intervene directly militarily. Emperor gains help from the Spanish. The French are to much for the Emperor to deal with and in 1648 the emperor agrees to end the fighting
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Peace of Westphalia
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Ends the 30 Years War
- Calvinists are granted freedom in the Holy Roman Empire - Protestants including Lutherans retain lands that they had taken prior to the end of the 1st phase - All states on winning side gain territories and looser get nothing - Recognizes Switzerland and United Providences as independent. - This is the last time war is fought for religious reasons. |
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Lutzen
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town where Wallenstein and Adolph meet and Adolph gets to clase and dies.
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Nicholas Copernicus
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he studies past works, geocentric theory. He develops theory that the sun is the center of the universe. His book is called Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies. It wasn’t published until he died.
His theory was call the Heliocentric theory and it was incorrect. Sun is not center of universe, and orbits are ellipses not circles. His book was dedicated to the pope, religious people condemned his book and placed it on banned list. |
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Tycho Brahe
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Danish, very well educated, noble, astronomy was his life’s work. His king gave him a small island for an observatory. He charts the position of all of the stars he could see and creates catalog of stars and planets. He discovered a few comets as well. He also discovers a super nova. One of his students was Johannes Kepler.
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Johannes Kepler
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he inherited Tycho’s catalogs, Tycho did not believe the heliocentric theory, but Johannes did. He created 3 laws of motion
1. planet’s orbits are elipses 2. you can figure out the amount of time it takes planets to revolve around the sun. 3. you can predict the distance between them He and his family died because of the 30 years war. |
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Galileo Galilei
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initially studied medicine but became interested in astronomy and physics. He was convinced Copernicus was correct. He used his telescope (invented in Holland) which he built himself to look at the moon and its craters. He was very impressed by planets and outer planets. He discovered that Jupiter had moons and concluded that it was a mini solar system. He also confirms Tycho’s theories. Then he looks at Saturn and discovers ring system. He publishes books about movements of bodies: The Laws of Motion are still excepted today. He was ordered to recant his work by the church.
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Isaac Newton
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English, went to Trinity College, graduated in 1655 with a math degree, next two years he makes his greatest discoveries.
Calculus – mathmatics available at the time were not sufficient Gravitation – Sitting under an apple tree Light – Composed of rainbow of different colors, His greatest publication was Principia, written in Latin is one of the most important works of science. He was a member of parliament, also warden of the mint which he ran like a dictator, in 1703 he was made president of the Royal Society of London and he kicked people out that he didn’t like. When he died he was given a state funeral because is was considered a great loss. |
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Henry (Navaare) IV
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worked hard to restore the economy. He succeeded by bringing infrastructure up, agriculture revived, and government out of debt.
He believed war was going to break out and was preparing for it when he was assassinated by a Catholic rival. He had remarried to Marie de Medici, and they had one son who was then 9 years old and he became Louis XIII |
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Louis XIII
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– de Medici is again regent for the king but she was dumb, she sends country back into debt and calls together the Estates General (representatives of each class)
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Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu (Cardinal) appointment
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he is a bishop and a good administrator and is secretary of state and he becomes Cardinal. He is then made Chief Minister, advisor to the king.
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Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu (Cardinal)
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lays ground work for Absolutism. orders that all nobles disbanned their armies and castles. crushes Huguenots in brief war. delt with finances by reorganizing and raising taxes consideralbly. secret negotiations with the Swedes in the 30 years war. creates the French Acadamy (french language). made commercial agreements with forign nations to strengthen trade. death was celebrated
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Louis XIV when he became king
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was only five when he became king so his mom made Cardnal Mazarin in charge.
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The Fronde
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a general uprising against Cardnal Mazarin
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Versailles Palace
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Built by Louis IV, 35000 people worked on its construction and several 1000 to maintain it. Main building has several hundred rooms, king had thrown room with silver thrown, banquet room, chambers, queens chamber. No central heating or air conditioning so cold in winter and hot in summer. 1000’s of candles to light at night. No indoor plumbing so the place stinks. Hall of mirrors about 250 feet long, ceiling has paintings of battles from Louis’ lifetime and it was a symbol of his absolute power.
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Louis XIV Domestic Policies
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he maintained an economic system called Mercentalism, where in order to be a great nation you had to have a great deal of wealth and horde it. You need colonies for raw materials, you had to develop manufacturing at home and encourouge monopolization of certain industries. He restricted forign imports and maintained large merchant fleet to trade with your colonies and a large navy to protect merchant fleet.
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Louis XIV Religious policy
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repeals edict of Nantes, Huegonots began great movement out of the country. Big loss for France because they were edjucated and productive.
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Louis XIV Forign Policy
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establishes “natural frontiers of France”, the Rhine river in Germany, mainly focuses on Hasbsurg posetions
Several Wars – picks up several more territories, later rather than declaring war he simply begins siezing territories in the holy roman empire. Other countries begin to notice that he needs to be stopped, including England. |
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War of the League of Augsburg
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Leage is an alliance between England Spain and German states, turns out to be a world war, fought in Canada aswell.
Louis is defeated, another treaty, he had to recognize the King of England and give back some territories. Status Qou Ante Bellum was basic idea of treaty, go back to the way things were before war. |
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War of the Spanish Succession
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– Fought over who should be king of Spain, Louis wanted one of his family members as king, and the Spanish nobles excepted the offer. They placed Phillip, Louis grandson, on the thrown making him Phillip V. War breaks out immidiatly against England and Germany. Louis invades Austria first.
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Duke of Marlborough
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Queen appoints Duke of Marlborough as supreme commander, he finds the French in town of Blenhiem and defeats the french desisivly. Then a string of victories for duke. British invade canada and capture some territory
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Treaty of Ultretch
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british are big winners getting chunk of Canada and island of Gibralter. Louis dies bitter man and is succeeded by his son Louis XV and he maintains an absolute regime and tries to get revenge.
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The Hohenzollerns
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Were given possession of Prussia by Holy Roman Emperor
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Frederick William Hohenzollern
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got prussia involved in last phase of the 30 years war. after the war ended he continued the build up of the army. makes army most professional. he creates absolute monarchy modeled after Louis XIII
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James I
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England, he isn't familiar with English politics and religious problems, he claims he is ordained by god. Has meeting with puritans, anglicans. ends up with bad opinion of puritans He makes King James version of bible
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Big Idea:
France |
Calvinism
Huguenots Henry of Navarre Catherine de' Medici St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre Politiques Edict of Nantes |
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Big Idea:
Spain |
Philip II
Habsburgs Lepanto Dutch Revolt Prince William of Orange Union of Ultrecht Union of Arras Elizabeth I Anglican Church Spanish Armada |
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Big Idea:
Holy Roman Empire |
Peace of Augsburg
Albrecht von Wallenstein Gustavus Adolphus Breitenfeld Lutzen Peace of Westphalia |
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Big Idea:
Scientific Revolution |
Nicholas Corpernicus
heliocentric theory Tycho Brahe Johannes Kepler Galileo Galilei Issac Newton Principia |
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Big Idea:
France after Edict of Nantes |
Cardinal Richelieu
Cardinal Mazarin The Fronde absolutism Louis XIV mercantilism War of the League of Augsburg War of the Spanish Succession Duke of Marlborough Treaty of Utrecht |
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Big Idea:
Prussia |
Hohensollerns
Frederick William |
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Big Idea:
England |
James I
Charles I Petition of Right Long Parliament Oliver Cromwell New Model Army Naseby Independents Instrument of Government Charle II James II Glorious Revolution Constitutionalism John Locke Second Treaty of Government |
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Big Idea:
Russia |
Ivan IV
Time of Troubles Peter the Great Great Northern War |
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Charles I
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He was absolute. no need for parliament. Parliament gave him power to collect duties for one year only.
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Petition of Right
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Parliament to Charles I,
- King could not collect tax or gift in form of money without consent of parliament - Could not imprison anyone without specific charge against them - Could not buillit soldiers in private homes - Could not declare marshal law in a time of peace |
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Long Parliament
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More demands from Parliament
- Parliament couldn't be dissolved without there consent - abolished some of his courts which tried opponents of his - members of congress immune from arrest |
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Oliver Cromwell
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member of parliament, forms nucleus of army with "ironside" horemen, army became known as "New Model Army" which was the birth of the british army
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Naseby
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location of battle between Parliamentarians and Royalists, war goes in favor of Parliament
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Independents
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reject both churches and want to accept local religion.
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Cromwell's later feats
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invades and defeats scotland for trying to help Charles and has him executed,
"pacifies" Ireland, slaughters 1000's |
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Instrument of Government
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constitution written to establish Lord Protector (Cromwell) under him the council of state the one chamber parliament
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