Water Sources And Intake- Animal Nutrition

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Deficient water effects...

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1. Decreased feed intake
2. Decreased Production
3. Weight lossIncreased excretion of Nitrogen (urea) and electrolytes such as sodium and potassium
   

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Animals get water by

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1. Drinking water
2. Through Feed
3. Metabolic water

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Metabolicwater –

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derived from nutrient metabolism and resulting cellular oxidation of nutrients.

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Grains may range from:

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8% to more than 30% water

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Water from forages may range from:

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-below 5% in a dry hay

-more than 90% water in a lush young grass.

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Precipitation or dew on feeds:

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can decrease water consumption

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Water Losses from the Body:

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a) Urine

b) Feces

c) Vaporization from the lungs and dissipation through the skin

d) Sweat from the sweat glands

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The percentage of body water ________ withanimal age and has a(n) ________ relationship with body fat

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decreases; inverse

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Dry matter (DM) consumption:

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has a direct relationship with water intake

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Dairycows producing milk require _______ water per unit of body weight than __________

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more (water is limiting factoring in milk production); any other species

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Water and Activity have a(n) __________ relationship

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Direct

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Metabolic rate ________ water intake. Hibernating animals have ________ water requirements. While high strung (stressed) animals have _______ water requirements.

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does effect water intake, lower; higher;

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Dietary factors are:

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1. High protein
2. High salt
3. High water content feeds

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All of these factors increase drinking of water.

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High fiber, salt or protein

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High protein diets –

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increases water intake to rid body of excess N via urea in the urine >urination

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High salt –

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increases thirst and increases need to flush excessive salt via kidneys

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High water content of feed provide

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a fair amount of the animal’s requirement

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Good Water has _________

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<2500 mg dissolved solids

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Sulfates are ______ of a problem thanchlorides.

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more; Water with > 1 g/liter of sulfates can cause diarrhea.

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Toxins in water are:

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High Mineral content

Nitrates

Pesticides and other Agricultural Runoff

Blue Green Algae

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High saline H2O may contain:

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sufficient calcium, magnesium, sodium, bicarbonate, chloride and sulfate ions to exert toxic effects.

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Nitrate Contamination is common in/when:

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1. A high concentration of animals(feedlot)
   
2. Heavyfertilization of fields with manure or nitrogenous fertilizers
   
3. Contaminationfrom septic tanks
   

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Why is Nitrate toxic?

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Nitritescombine with hemoglobin and prevent O2 transport and leads to death

(anoxic- lack of O2)

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Pesticides/Chemical contamination come from:

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1. Agriculturalrunoff
   
2. Accidentalspills
   
3. Faultywaste-disposal systems (organophosphates-toix eg: melathion)
   

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Dairy cattle drink:

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38 to 110 (approx. 10 to 30 gal/d)

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Swine drink:

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11 to 19 (approx. 3 to 5 gal/d)

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Horses drink:

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30 to 45 (approx. 7 to 10 gal/d)

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Sheep/goats drink:

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4 to 15 (approx. 1 to 4 gal/d)

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Poultry drink:

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.2 to .6 (approx. 1 to 2 cups/d)

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Beef cattle drink:

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22 to 66 (approx. 5 to 15 gal/d)

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Blue-Green algae effects animals differently

pigs:

Dairy:

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Pigs- vomiting, frothing, coughing, muscle tremors, rapid breathing

Dairy-liver damage, anorexia, dementia

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Hot weather __________ consumption of water and cold weather ___________ consumption

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increases; decreases;

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Ruminants require ________ quantities of H2O because....

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large; they form a suspension of ingesta inthe rumen In addition,

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Feedstuffs with high H2O-absorbing characteristics:

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cause the animal to have a greater H2O requirement (ex. wheat bran, dried forage)

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Nitrates at ______ in H2O can be hazardous but at ______ can cause acute toxicity

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200 ppm; 1500 ppm and greater