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153 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Is it possible to have too much minerals?
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Yes, and combinations can interact negatively
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What are goitrogens, and what do they cause?
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- foods which suppress thyroid fnction
- cause goiters |
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What is HyPP, what is it caused by, and what is the result of it?
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- hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
- genetic condition found in horses and humans - too much K+ in blood, can be fatal |
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What is milk fever, who gets it an when?
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- dairy cattel can get this after beginning lactaction, especially if insufficient Ca+
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What is osteopenia, and how does it differ from osteoperosis?
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- caused or escalated by low levels of Ca, phosphorus, or vitamin D
- happens in earlier stages of bone density loss |
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What is osteoperosis?
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- 2.5x lower than normal bone density loss
- usually in older animals, caused by imbalance between bone formation and bone reabsorption |
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What is perakeratosis?
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- imperfect formation of horn cells of epidermis
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What is rickets?
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- disease affecting bone growth and mineralization in young animals that may be caused by lack of Ca, phosphorus, or vitamin D or by incorrect ratio of 2 minerals
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What is the normal ratio of Calcium to phosphorus in mammals?
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between 2:1 and 8:1
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What are examples of ruminants?
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goats, sheep, llamas, giraffes, bison, buffalo, deer, wildebeast, antelope
- all part of Ruminantia suorder except camels and llamas, which are in the tylopoda |
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What is spectrophotometry used for?
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- measuring individual minerals by looking at how they affect spectrum of light
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What is grass tetany?
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condition of mineral imbalance in body resulting in severe muscle spasms (death possible)
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What are macro minerals? Give examples too.
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- required at higher levels than trace minerals (100ppm or more)
- Ca, P, Mg, S, Na, Cl, K |
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How do you calculate total mineral content in food?
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burn feed at 600 degrees C to burn off all OM and leave ash (minerals)
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What are the functions of Ca?
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- growth (bone and teeth formation)
- milk production - eggshell production - muscle contraction |
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What must be present for Ca to be absorbed by diet?
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vitamin D
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What do Ca deficiencies in younger animals cause?
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- rickets ("bow-legged")
- osteopenia - osteomalacia - osteoperosis |
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What do Ca deficiencies in older animals cause?
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- weak bones (animal's body will steal Ca from bones to use for muscles or milk, like pregnant women in 3rd world country losing teeth)
- these called "downer cows" when pregnant because can't be sent to market and can't provide milk for farmer, in pain |
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during "dry period" of dairy cattle, do they need a lot or very little Ca?
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very little
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What does "dry period" of dairy cattle have to do with milk fever?
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needs a lot of Ca once start producing milk, and this rapid change may not allow body to absorb Ca even if it's there- won't have enough for cells to function
- must monitor Ca and anion/cation levels prepartum though to make sure not high |
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What is P found in body?
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- in bone and teeth
- some areas deficient in P (not NC) |
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What are Ca and P regulated by?
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hormones
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What was the NSCU Loggerhead turtle case study and what was the problem that appeared?
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- tried to see if raise sea turtle hatchlings could determine gender laproscopically
- fed chopped shiromp tail and lived indoors and had soft squishy shells (too much P compared to Ca) - solution: outdoor swims (vitamin D) and more Ca in diet (live crabs) |
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What other problems can too much P cause (besides soft shell)?
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- urinary calculi, especially male ruminants because have sigmoid flexure in penis, death when bladder ruptures
- seen in giraffes too |
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Where is Mg found in body?
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- bones, teeth, muscle action
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What does Mg deficiency cause?
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- muscle tetany and death
- for ruminants grazing lush grass, Mg absorption hindered by excess K+ (but can instead put Mg in mineral mix) |
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What is tetany?
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- due to low Ca or high P
- hyperreflexia, carpopedial spasms, camps, involuntary contraction of muscles, increased AP frequency |
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In what form do we require S?
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- 2 S-containing aa's (cystine, methionine, can make cystine from methionine)
- rumen microbes can make these when S present |
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Where is S found in body?
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- wool
- hair - feathers |
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What are the 3 main electrolytes of the body?
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- Na
- Cl - K |
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What are electrolytes part of?
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- Na/K pump for transport and energy
- NaCl main ingredient fed to livestock in mineral mixtures - Cl part of HCl in stomach |
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What does an Na deficiency cause?
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- reduced growth
- decreased feed utilization - weight loss in adults - decreased milk production - crave Na |
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What are usually the causes of a K+ deficiency and what are the results?
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- abnormal EKG results
- muscle weakness - decreased growth - kidney lesions - causes: deficiency in Mg or diarrhea, bulimia and anorexia, heart conditions |
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What does a chlorine deficiency cause?
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reduced growth
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What are some electrolyte complications?
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- Na toxicity not common in animals but in humans linked to hypertension, heart problems, and weight gain
- body regulates electroyle balance well and excesses not common unless metabolic disorder or problem with water quality/availability |
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What does a K+ excess in the blood cause?
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HyPP
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What are the required trace minerals?
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B, Co, Cr, Cu, F, I, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Si, Zn
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What are trace minerals that are required by some species, but not all?
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Al, As, Cd, Ni, V, Sn, Br, Pb, Li
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Why is copper (Cu) important?
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- healthy hair coat
- growth - general health - cofactor in hemoglobin formation |
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Symptoms of Cu deficiency?
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- faded hair coat (reddish color) in cattle or horses-
- steely wool in sheep - anemia in any species |
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What are the factors complicating Cu absorption?
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- having excess molybdenum (trace mineral) and S in soil (and thus forage) can tie up Cu and not allow it to absorb
- Cu requirement 5x higher for grazing animals on high-molybdenum soils - high iron water (incl. pond water) interferes with Cu absorption - sheep require Cu, but also toxic at lower levels than most species |
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What is Se (selenium) important for?
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- normal reproduction
- antioxidant |
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What is an antioxidant?
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- any substance that reduces oxidative damage such as free radicals (highly reactive chemicals that attack molecules by capturing electrons)
- ex: Vitamins E, C, and betacarotene (and Se) |
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Why is Se regulated by the FDA and what are the policies on it?
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- toxic at just 10x requirement
- require feed mills using Se to premix and track all Se coming in and going out |
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What happens when an animal gets acute toxic amounts of Se?
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- animals grazing on high-Se soils can get "blind staggers"; means animal walking with abnormal, unsteady gait as if blind or staggering and may fall down
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What happens when a grazing animal gets long exposure to mildly high Se?
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- alkali disease- emaciation, loss of hair, deformation and sheeding of hooves, loss of vitality and erosion of joints of long bones
- general poor performance - general hoof deformities |
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What is the Se content in NC?
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medium
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What is Zn important for?
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- integrity of skin
- hooves - feathers - normal protein metabolism and growth - component of DNA |
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What happens if an animal's diet is deficient in Zn?
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- perakeratosis (imperfect formation of horn cells of epidermis)
- excess Ca in diet results in reduced absorption and utilization of Zn |
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What happens if an animal's diet has too much Zn?
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- interferes with Cu metabolism which could effect Fe
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Why is Fe (iron) important?
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- part of hemoglobin
- Cu required for proper Fe metabolism |
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What happens with a deficiency of Fe?
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- anemia (white gums, dental disease)
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What's up with milk/young animals and Fe?
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- milk low in iron
- baby pigs born with low iron - advisable to give Fe at birth |
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Does NC have enough Fe?
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yep, that's why it's red
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What is the purpose of I?
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- release thyroid hormones, which control rate of metabolism in body
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What happens with a deficiency of I?
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- hairless pigs and lambs at birth, not common
- in humans, babies born with low iodine have 15 point lower IQs - goiters appear (due to goitrogens in feed which tie up I) - adding iodized salt fixed the problem |
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What does F do?
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prevents dental disease
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What is Cr (chromium) linked to?
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increasing lean and decreasing fat in pigs (also in human weight loss pills)
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What does Mn deficiency cause?
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- rare because high content in feedstuffs
- if does occur, skeletal problems most common - found in people who work in Mg mines (causes dementia, schizophrenia) |
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How many vitamins are there?
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16
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What kind of chemical are all vitamins?
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organic
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What is a vitamin?
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any fat or water-soluble organic substances essential in minute amounts for normal growth and activity of body and obtained naturally from plant and animal foods
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What are the fat-soluble nutrients?
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A,D,E,K
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Where are fat-soluble nutrients stored?
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liver, for months to years
absorbed intact |
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What is the other name for vitamin A?
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retinol
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Where is vitamin A found?
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in animal tissue, but plants contain caroetene which is vitamin A precursor
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What are the benefits of vitamin A?
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- aid night vision (strengthen light receptor pigments in eye)
- strengthen epithelial tissue maintenance (skin and other epithelial tissue) - enable bone growth |
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symptoms of vitamin A deficiency?
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- reproductive problems (so added to feed or injected into breeding animals)
- stunted growth - night blindness |
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What are some good sources of carotene?
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pasture, hay, grasses, corn
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What are some good sources of vitamin A?
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- animal liver (but polar bear liver has toxic amounts)
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What is vitamin D involved in?
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Ca absorption and utilization (really a hormone)
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What are the 2 forms of vitamin D and where are they found?
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D2- in plants
D3- in animal tissues; birds (and exotics) must eat this because can't convert D2 to D3 but mammals can |
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How do animals make vitamin D? Which animals can't?
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- when skin exposed to UV light, cells make vitamin D from cholesterol
- cats and dogs can't! |
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What are the symptoms of vitamin D deficiency?
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- rickets in young animals (bowlegged due to soft bones because can't absorb Ca from diet)
- weak bones in older animals - poor eggshells from laying hens |
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What are sources of vitamin D?
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- sun exposure (only takes 15 min a day)
- sun-cured hays - cod liver oil - synthetic vitamin D in vitamin supplements |
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What is the other name for Vitamin E?
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tocopherol
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What are the functions of vitamin E?
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- works with Se as anti-oxidant
- muscle structure - reproduction |
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What are the symptoms of vitamin E deficiency?
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- white muscle disease in lambs, calves, zoo animals (weak young animals with pale colored muscle)
- reproductive failure - retained placenta in cattle, associated with low Se in diet |
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What is vitamin K involved in?
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- cofactor during blood clotting
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What do we see in vitamin K deficiencies?
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- deficiency not seen because prevalent in feeds and microbes in GI tracts
- animals make vitamin K |
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What kind of things interfere with vitamin K deficiency?
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- blood can't clot properly and animal can bleed to death if interference of absorption of K
- antinutritional factor called coumarin (in sweet clover) interferes |
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What are good sources of vitamin K?
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- most feeds
- made by bacteria in ruminant GI tract and some species practice copophragy to obtain it because bacteria in intestines make this vitamin after absorption (by small intestine) |
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What water-soluble vitamins are there and why are they important?
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-C- and B-complex vitamins
can't be stored so must be provided daily -if excess, just excreted by urine -vital for metabolic functions |
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How are B-vitamins received?
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- microbes in rumen and cecum can make them and then be absorbed by small intestine
- if in cecum, must be absorbed by coprophagy |
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What is vitamin B-1 called?
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thiamin
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Are there usually thiamin deficiencies?
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adequate amounts usually present in feed
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What is thiaminase enzymes?
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- destroy thiamin and can lead to deficiency
- present in some fish products; freezing makes it more active - esp. prevalent in exotic animals like penguins |
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What happens with a human thiamin deficiency
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- Beri-Beri (enlarged heart, numb extremities)
- Wernicke's encephalopathy (mental confusion) |
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What is vitamin B-2 otherwise called?
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Riboflavin
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Why is vitamin B-2 important?
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- FAD- enzyme
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What are good sources of riboflavin?
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- green forages
- milk - meat/fish meal - NOT grain (needs to be supplemented) |
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What happens with riboflavin deficiencies?
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- reduced growth rate
- reproductive failure in sows - curled toe paralysis in birds - vision and eye abnormalities |
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Why is niacin important?
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- coenzyme, present in NAD, NADP
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What happens with a deficiency of niacin?
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- reduced growth (diarrhea, vomiting)
- dermatitis (skin problems) - pellagra- most common (in humans bright red tongue, mouth lesions, anorexia, nausea) |
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Where can you find niacin?
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- found in grains, but not readily accessible for monogastric animals, so livestock or companion monogastric diets will have in premix
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What is pantothenic acid important for?
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important coenzyme
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Where can you find pantothenic acid?
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grains low, so need in premix for monogastrics
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What does a deficiency of panothenic acid result in?
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- reduced growth
- loss of hair - dermatitis and skin lesions - fatty liver |
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What is vitamin B-12 otherwise called?
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cobalamin
cobalt part of structure |
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Where is vitamin B-12 found?
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- only in animal tissue and in rumen microbes (if enough cobalt present)
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What does a cobalamin deficiency cause?
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- reproductive failure in sows
- eggs that don't hatch from breeding hens |
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What is usually the cause of a biotin deficiency?
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- raw egg white consumption because contains substance that binds to biotin making it unavailable
- sold as supplement to horse owners to make stronger hooves |
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What animals may be deficient in choline and what does it cause?
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- swine--reproductive failure
- poultry- slipped tendon (impossible to walk) |
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What does a folacin deficiency cause?
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- reduced growth
- reduced reproductive performance (and birth defects) - increased folacin helps immune function |
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What is pyridoxine (B6) used for?
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- coenzyme
- can affect growth hormones, insulin, and sex hormones |
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Symptoms of B6 deficiency?
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- neurological convulsions
- skin related issues |
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What animals can synthesize vitamin C (asorbic acid)? Can't?
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-Can- mammals and avian species
-can't- humans, non-human primates, guinea pigs -rabbits do better in captive setting with supplemented vitamin C |
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What does a deficiency of vitamin C cause?
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- scurvy (edema, weight loss, emaciation, diarrhea leading to severe strucural deficits)
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What is intake energy
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potential energy available
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Digestible energy
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intake energy-feces energy lost
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Metabolizable energy?
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digestible energy-energy lost as urine and gases
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Net energy?
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metabolizable energy-energy lost as heat
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What is the most popular feed and why?
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grain (corn and sorghum) because of availability and high energy
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what is fumonisin?
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type of mycotoxin fatal to horses
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What is milo?
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processed sorghum grain
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What are mycotoxins?
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poison produced by actively growing mold
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What are total digestible nutrients?
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-for beef cattle
-digestible carb + digestible protein+digestible fat x 2.5 |
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What animal can't digestible energy be calculated in?
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chickens
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Rank roughages, protein supplements, fats/oils, mineral supplements, grains as highest to lowest energy
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fats/oils, grains, protein supplements, roughages, mineral supplements
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Rank fescue hay, soybean meal, magnesium oxide, and barley grain as highest to lowest energy
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barley grain, soybean meal, fescue hay, magnesium oxide
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What are the 5 types of grain used in feeds?
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corn, sorghum, oat grain, barley grain, wheat grain
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What are the pros and cons of feeding corn?
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- rich in starch
- good source of carbs - 75% in US because grows in most part of US - can be fed to all species - digestible, palatable - no nutritional problems - dense in energy - could have fumonisin |
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What are the pros and cons of feeding sorghum?
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- not as high yielding as corn and grows in regions with less rainfall
- heat-resistant, more pest-resistant than corn - needs to be processed (milo), in this form energy equivalent to corn |
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What are the pros and cons of feeding oat grain?
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- more expensive, mainly for horses
- fibrous coating so high in fiber - less energy but good for horses because of high fiber and starch readily digested - mold resistant, no mycotoxins |
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What are the pros and cons of feeding barley grain
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- needs to be processed
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What are the pros and cons of feeding wheat grain
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- high in energy, no outer fibrous layer
- forms pasty mass inside anbimal if consumed in large amounts |
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What are the pros and cons of feeding fats/oils?
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- high in energy
- improve palatability because less dustiness - plants and animals are sources of it - ruminants can't digest more than 5% fat, extra wasted in feces |
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What are the pros and cons of feeding potatoes/tubers?
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- high starch content, high energy
- sweet potato slurry with low pH can damage cow teeth |
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What is CCK and what does it do?
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- cholecystokinin
- hormone released into blood after food intake by endocrine cells in small intestine, signals hypothalamus to stop eating |
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How does taste effect intake in birds?
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- not a factor in birds
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How does taste effect intake in cattle and horses?
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- horses like molassas and citrus
- cattle like sweets and cottonseed hulls |
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How do high moisture feeds effect intake?
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- high moisture feed like lush grass will make an animal feel full before it has enough nutrients, leads to diarrhea, need to supplement with dry feed
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What does "as-fed" mean?
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DM (dry matter) + moisture
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What are the pros of low calorie pet food and what are the things to avoid?
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- more fiber/cellulose, less digestible and less energy
- cellulose from peanut hulls or crystalline fiber should be avoided |
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What does the AAFCO do and what is its full name?
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American Association for Feed Control Officials
- researches nutritional needs of animals - publish guidelines of correct way to label animal foods and correct way to handle foods safely for both humans and animals |
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What feeds are affected by mycotoxins?
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corn, peanut, cottonseed
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What was the mycotoxin pet food scare about in 2005?
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- Diamond Pet Foods had over 90ppm of aflatoxin in its Nature's Recipe food
- caused diarrhea, vomiting, death |
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What are the ways mold can occur?
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- spores
- dispersion by air, wind, rain, birds, insects - crop damage (esp when outer coating of grain compromised) - insect damage - plant weakened by drought - bird damage |
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What is one way to prevent mold growth?
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preservatives
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How common is aflatoxin and why is it so bad?
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- 1/3 corn of NC
- potent liver toxin, can lead to liver cancer or death - young animals more susceptible - reduced gain, efficiency, milk production are symptoms - carcinogenic |
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What level of aflatoxin is safe for dairy cows, beef cattle?
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dairy cows: less than 20ppb
beef cattle: 200ppb other animals: 100ppb |
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What does the NCDA regulate?
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NC Department of Agriculture
- regulate feed health for consumer at state level |
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What does the FDA regulate"?
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medicated feed
must have "medicate" on it; withdrawal period must be stated too |
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Who regulates niche markets?
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AAFCO
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What are the things you should know in buying feed?
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- nutrient requirements of animal feeding
- vocab used in trade - price trends online - sources of credit, interest rates - what to avoid in feed (high moisture feeds don't store for long) - government regulations for feeding |
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What are the 3 advantages of premix?
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allows even mixing of large batch of food, contains high concentration of drug, vitamin, or mineral; is in carrier like rice hulls
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Where can you find nutritional info?
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NRC and AAFCO
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Who regulates meat safety?
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USDA and FSIS (Food Safety and Inspection Services) which is part of USDA
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What are the rankings of most to least poisonous bacteria to humans?
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campylobacter, salmonella, shigella, e coli 0157H7 , yersinia, listeria, vibro
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What is the main problem with maximum profit diet formulation?
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data intake/output of animal is hard to collect
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What are premixes usually added to?
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soybean diet and corn
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What is the estimate by the CDC on food-borne diseases?
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76 million people in US get food-borne or diarrhea-related illness each year, 300,000 hospitalized and 5,000 die annually
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What happened at Jack in the Box in 1993
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e coli outbreak, took immediate action, started HAACP program (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points)
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