Voa Anatomy - Skeletal System (Unit #4)

Front 1

Define: SKELETAL SYSTEM

Back 1

a system composed of many types of bones connected by muscles, cartilage, tendons and ligaments

Front 2

What are the FIVE functions of the skeletal system?

Back 2

1. structure, form or support (body's framework); 2. protects many vital organs (eg. lungs, brain); 3. production of blood/hematopoiesis (ie. in the bone marrow); 4. storage of minerals - calcium/phosphorus; 5. locomotion - muscle attachment

Front 3

Before birth, the skeletal system is made of ________________ and ____________ _______________.

Back 3

cartilage; fibrous tissue

Front 4

Define: OSSIFICATION

Back 4

when bone forms from fibrous tissue

Front 5

What are the six types of bones in the body?

Back 5

Long; short; flat; irregular; sesamoid; pneumatic

Front 6

Describe a LONG bone, give its functions and give examples

Back 6

longer than it is wide; primarily associated with the limbs (legs & arms); main functions are movement, support and blood production; eg. femur, radius

Front 7

Describe a SHORT bone, give its functions and give examples

Back 7

same width, length & height = cube shaped; usually associated with the carpus (wrist) and tarsus (ankle); main function is cushioning

Front 8

Describe a FLAT bone, give its functions and examples

Back 8

thin, flat bones; layers are separated by spongey layer to maximize strength; main function is protection of underlying structures; eg. head, pelvis, sternum

Front 9

Describe an IRREGULAR bone, give its functions and examples

Back 9

unpaired, irregular in shape; function is for support and movement; eg. vertebrae

Front 10

Describe a pneumatic bone, give its functions and examples

Back 10

air filled bones; similar to a flat bone, but the thin layer is expanded by air; main function is protection and to decrease weight; eg. sinus bones, frontal bone in skull

Front 11

What two parts is the skeleton divided into?

Back 11

Axial and Appendicular

Front 12

What does the AXIAL skeleton refer to?

Back 12

the framework of the body that includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum

Front 13

What does the APPENDICULAR skeleton refer to?

Back 13

the framework of the body that includes the bones of the extremities, the pectoral girdle and the pelvic girdle (pelvis)

Front 14

Define: CRANIUM

Back 14

the portion of the skull that encloses the brain

Front 15

the VERTEBRAL COLUMN is also called what 2 things?

Back 15

spinal column OR backbone

Front 16

What is the function of the VERTEBRAL COLUMN?

Back 16

supports the head and body; provides protection for the spinal cord

Front 17

What five regions is the vertebral column divided into?

Back 17

Cervical (C); thoracic (T); lumbar (L); sacral (S); coccygeal or caudal (Cy or Cd)

Front 18

Cervical refers to what region?

Back 18

neck

Front 19

Thoracic refers to what region?

Back 19

chest

Front 20

Lumbar refers to what region?

Back 20

loin area

Front 21

Sacral refers to what region?

Back 21

hip

Front 22

Coccygeal or Caudal refers to what region?

Back 22

tail

Front 23

What are the special names for Cervical vertebra 1 and 2?

Back 23

c1=atlas, c2=axis

Front 24

Ribs are _______________ bones that attach to the _______________ vertebrae

Back 24

paired; thoracic

Front 25

Define: Sternum

Back 25

the midline ventral portion of the rib cage

Front 26

What is another word for sternum?

Back 26

breastbone

Front 27

What are the 8 major bones that make up the front limb and pectoral girdle?

Back 27

1. scapula; 2. clavicle; 3. humerus; 4. radius; 5. ulna; 6. carpus; 7. metacarpus; 8. phalanges

Front 28

scapula refers to?

Back 28

shoulder blade

Front 29

clavicle refers to ?

Back 29

collar bone

Front 30

where is the humerus?

Back 30

it extends from the shoulder to elbow

Front 31

What bone works with the ulna?

Back 31

radius

Front 32

what does carpus refer to?

Back 32

carpal bones (wrist in humans)

Front 33

what do phalanges refer to?

Back 33

digits

Front 34

Define: CARPUS

Back 34

series of small bones; in humans=wrist; in horse=knee (front limb)

Front 35

The metacarpals are....?

Back 35

a series of bones distal to the carpus

Front 36

Where are the metacarpals located?

Back 36

between the carpus and the phalanges

Front 37

How many bones are included in the metacarpals?

Back 37

usually 5

Front 38

how are the metacarpals numbered?

Back 38

they are numbered medially and work laterally ie. metacarpal #1 is the first digit, which is our thumb or the dewclaw in dogs

Front 39

What is the singular form of phalanges?

Back 39

phalanx

Front 40

How many digits do the phalanges consist of?

Back 40

usually three, PI, PII, PIII

Front 41

Where is PIII located?

Back 41

the most distal and contains the nail

Front 42

What is removed when performing a dewclaw removal or cat declaw?

Back 42

one of the phalanges; PIII is removed, as it is most distal and contains the nail

Front 43

How many metacarpal bones do horses have?

Back 43

three

Front 44

What is the main metacarpal of the horse, and what is it called?

Back 44

metacarpal #3; CANNON bone

Front 45

In the horse, metacarpal #2 and #4 are referred to as ____________ bones.

Back 45

splint

Front 46

PI in a horse is referred to as what?

Back 46

long pastern bone

Front 47

PII in a horse is referred to as what?

Back 47

short pastern bone

Front 48

PIII in a horse is referred to as what?

Back 48

coffin bone

Front 49

What are the SEVEN major bones that make up the rear limb and pelvic girdle?

Back 49

1. pelvis/hip; 2. femur; 3. tibia; 4. fibula; 5. tarsus; 6. metatarsus; 7. phalanges

Front 50

The pelvis/hip consists of 3 pairs of bones - what are they?

Back 50

ilium, ischium, pubis

Front 51

The tarsus is:

Back 51

series of small bones; humans=ankle; animals=hock

Front 52

The metatarsals are:

Back 52

series of bones that are distal to the tarsus; located between the tarsus and the digits; have 5 (counted medially to laterally); make up the point of the heel

Front 53

Another term for knee is?

Back 53

stifle

Front 54

define: stifle

Back 54

the joint that houses the patella

Front 55

what is another name for patella?

Back 55

kneecap

Front 56

What are the three principle types of joints?

Back 56

1. fibrous; 2. cartilaginous; 3. synovial

Front 57

describe a fibrous joint and give an example

Back 57

immobile joint; contain fibrous tissue that unite; eg. teeth

Front 58

describe a cartilaginous joint and give an example

Back 58

have cartilage that joins the bones; slightly movable; eg. vertebrae

Front 59

describe a synovial joint?

Back 59

"true joint"; have a space between bones; most numerous in the body; full movement; eg. stifle (knee) and shoulder

Front 60

What are the 7 types of fractures?

Back 60

compound (open); simple (closed); comminuted; transverse; oblique; spiral; greenstick (incomplete)

Front 61

describe a compound (open) fracture

Back 61

one or more bone fractures protrude through skin; open wound is present; serious risk of infection

Front 62

describe a simple (closed) fracture

Back 62

all bone pieces remain under the skin

Front 63

describe a comminuted fracture

Back 63

bone is splintered or crushed into multiple pieces

Front 64

describe a transverse fracture

Back 64

fracture is straight across the bone (at a right angle)

Front 65

describe an oblique fracture

Back 65

bone is broken on a diagonal

Front 66

describe a spiral fracture

Back 66

bone is twisted or spiraled apart

Front 67

describe a greenstick (incomplete) fracture

Back 67

bone is only broken on one side and the other side is bent

Front 68

what are the two requirements in order to repair a fracture?

Back 68

1. apposition and 2. stability

Front 69

What does "apposition" refer to when repairing a fracture?

Back 69

reduction; must appose bones in correct position

Front 70

what does "stability" refer to when repairing a fracture?

Back 70

fixation; must keep in proper position until healed

Front 71

What are the 2 types of fracture repair?

Back 71

external and internal

Front 72

What are the items used in external fracture repair?

Back 72

casts, splints, padded bandages

Front 73

What are the items used in internal fracture repair?

Back 73

pins, plates, screws and other surgical options

Front 74

what is the more secure way to repair a fracture?

Back 74

internal

Front 75

Define: osteomyelitis

Back 75

inflammation of the bone

Front 76

Define: arthritis

Back 76

inflammation of the joints

Front 77

define: polyarthritis

Back 77

inflammation of multiple joints

Front 78

what are the two types of dislocation?

Back 78

luxation and subluxation

Front 79

define: dislocation

Back 79

movement of at least one bone from its normal joint

Front 80

what is subluxation?

Back 80

a partial dislocation

Front 81

define: sprain

Back 81

it does not involve bones; stretching or tearing of ligaments or soft tissue

Front 82

Define: Hip dysplasia

Back 82

developmental problem of the canine hip

Front 83

what are signs associated with hip dysplasia?

Back 83

leg weakness, lameness, stiffness, muscle wasting, varying degrees of pain

Front 84

What are the possible causes of hip dysplasia?

Back 84

genetics, environmental factors such as nutrition, or anything that causes a puppy to carry weight abnormally