Vertebrate Anatomy - Nervous System

Front 1

The basic unit of the nervous system is the ______.

Back 1

neuron

Front 2

These types of nerves bring information into the system

Back 2

receptors (affectors)

Front 3

These nerves respond to stimuli and send information

Back 3

effectors

Front 4

Name the two types of effector nerves and the system they affect.

Back 4

mechanical (somatic system)
chemical (visceral system)

Front 5

Another name for the cell body of a neuron is the:

Back 5

perikaryon

Front 6

The ______, which form the _____ matter of the nervous system, are long extensions of the neuron and carry impulses away from it (one per cell).

Back 6

axons, white

Front 7

This protective coating covers axons.

Back 7

myelin sheath

Front 8

These cells produce the myelin sheath in the 1) central nervous system 2) peripheral nervous system

Back 8

1) oligodendroglial
2) Schwann

Front 9

These multiple short extensions from the cell body carry impulses toward the cell.

Back 9

dendrites

Front 10

This is the name for a collection of nerve cell bodies in the 1) CNS 2)PNS

Back 10

1) nucleus
2) ganglion

Front 11

Indentations betweeen adjacent protective cells in the myelin sheath,the _______ allow the signal to travel faster through a process called _______.

Back 11

Nodes of Ranvier, saltation

Front 12

The general name for cells that support, nourish, and insulate neurons is:

Back 12

neuroglial cells

Front 13

These supporting cells nourish the neuron.

Back 13

astrocytes

Front 14

These protective neural cells engulf foreign substances around the neuron.

Back 14

microglia

Front 15

These supportive cells line the canals of the brain/spinal cord.

Back 15

ependymal cells

Front 16

Nerve cell bodies are located _______ the CNS for sensory and _______ for motor nerves.

Back 16

outside, inside

Front 17

This type of nerve ending senses pain.

Back 17

naked

Front 18

These two types of nerve endings sense touch.

Back 18

Merkel's disk
Meissner's corpuscle

Front 19

This type of nerve ending senses pressure.

Back 19

Pacinian corpuscle

Front 20

This type of nerve ending senses heat.

Back 20

Ruffini's corpuscle

Front 21

This type of nerve ending senses cold.

Back 21

Krause's end bulb

Front 22

These two types of nerve ending are responsible for sensing position in space, also knows as _________.

Back 22

neuromuscular spindle
neurotendinous organ
proprioception

Front 23

When innervated tissue is widely distributed, the nerve is _______, when the nerve endings are localized, it is _____.

Back 23

general, specific

Front 24

This nerve type controls the visceral activity of the peripheral nervous system.

Back 24

autonomic

Front 25

The autonomic nervous system can be divided into two parts:

Back 25

1) sympathetic (thoraco-lumbar)
2) parasympathetic (cranio-sacral)

Front 26

Ganglia develop from which embryonic cells?

Back 26

neural crest cells

Front 27

T/F: In the embryo, each myotome contains several nerves.

Back 27

False

Front 28

These lines of ganglia lie alongside the spinal column.

Back 28

Paried sympathetic chain ganglia (paravertebral)

Front 29

These chemicals transfer a nerve impulse across the synapse.

Back 29

neurotransmitters (amines)

Front 30

Nerves fire on an all-or-nothing basis. What is the name for the level of stimulation required, and how can this be accomplished?

Back 30

threshold concentration
summation

Front 31

A _________ reflex takes the direct sensory --> motor path and contains ___ neurons.

Back 31

monosynaptic, 2

Front 32

A __________ reflex takes the path: receptor --> ________ --> motor and contains ___ neurons.

Back 32

disynaptic, interneuron, 3

Front 33

A ____ is a multiple branching of peripheral nerves. There are two: what are they called?

Back 33

plexus
brachial plexus
lumbosacral plexus

Front 34

The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as the _______ and contains spinal nerves ____ through ____.

Back 34

thoracolumbar, T1-L2

Front 35

The parasympathetic division of the ANS is also known as the _______ and contains these nerves:

Back 35

craniosacral
CN III, VII, IX, X, and lateral gray S2-S4

Front 36

(T/F) In amniotes, function cannot be inferred from position of nerves.

Back 36

True

Front 37

In nonmammalian vertebrates, three anatomical nervous divisions are apparent:

Back 37

1) cranial
2) spinal
3) enteric (wall of digestive tract)

Front 38

Nonmammalian vertebrate neurons mingle to form woven patches called _____. There are two. Name them and their locations.

Back 38

plexus1<br />1) myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus<br /> - smooth muscle of intestines<br />2) submucosal (Meissner's) plexus<br /> - deep in smooth muscle near intestinal lumen

Front 39

In amniotes, dorsal root ganglion transmit ______ information.

Back 39

sensory, both somatic and visceral

Front 40

(T/F) In lampreys, dorsal and ventral roots join laterally along the nerve cord.

Back 40

False

Front 41

Lamprey ventral roots are which type of nerve and what do they innervate?

Back 41

somatic motor, striated muscle

Front 42

Lamprey dorsal roots are which type of nerve and what do they innervate?

Back 42

somatic and visceral sensory, some visceral motor

Front 43

(T/F) Although dorsal and ventral roots are joined in fish, visceral motor nerves only exit through the dorsal root.

Back 43

False, they exit from both.

Front 44

Sympathetic nerves are characterized by _____ preganglionic and ______ postganglionic nerves.

Back 44

short, long

Front 45

Parasympathetic nerves are characterized by _____ preganglionic and ______ postganglionic nerves.

Back 45

long, short

Front 46

1st order neurons release the neurotransmitter ________ and 2nd order neurons can release that or _________.

Back 46

acetylcholine, adrenaline/epinephrine

Front 47

The sympathetic nervous sytem stimulates the ________ response, while the parasympathetic stimulates the _______ response.

Back 47

1) fight or flight
2) rest and repose

Front 48

(T/F) Cyclostomes have a well-represented ANS.

Back 48

False, it is fragmentary.

Front 49

1) Internal and 2) external sensory receptors are called

Back 49

interoreceptors, exteroceptors

Front 50

What is the function of memory?

Back 50

It allows organisms to adjust activity based on past experiences.

Front 51

This is the connective tissue on the bottom of the spinal column.

Back 51

phylum terminale

Front 52

This is the term for the pinnate nerves at the end of the spinal column, after the the end of the spinal cord.

Back 52

coda equina

Front 53

The central nervous system originates as what?

Back 53

two raised neural folds in the ectoderm

Front 54

The 3 regions of the brain originate from the _______.

Back 54

anterior neural tube

Front 55

The embryological covering of the brain and spinal cord, the ____ splits into ___ layers im mammals.

Back 55

meninx, 3

Front 56

Amphibians, reptiles, and birds have two meninges, the outer _______ and the thin inner _______.

Back 56

dura mater, secondary meninx

Front 57

In mammals the secondary meninx divides into two layers, the ______ and ____ mater, both origininating from the ectomesoderm.

Back 57

arachnoid, pia

Front 58

The three areas of the developing brain, from anterior to posterior, are:

Back 58

1) prosencephalon (forebrain)
2) mesencephalon (midbrain)
3) rhomboencephalon (hindbrain)

Front 59

The prosencaphalon is divided into two areas, the ________ and ________, from anterior to posterior.

Back 59

telencephalon, diencephalon

Front 60

The telencephalon of the forebrain contains these structures:

Back 60

olfactory bulbs, cerebral hemispheres

Front 61

The diencephalon of the forebrain contains these structures:

Back 61

optic vescicle, infundibulum, median eye complex, epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

Front 62

The mesencephalon of the brain contains these structures:

Back 62

tectum (inferior and superior colliculi), tegmentum

Front 63

What are some functions of the tegmentum?

Back 63

motor output
awareness/attention

Front 64

The rhombencephalon is divided into the __________ and the ______.

Back 64

metencephalon, myelencephalon

Front 65

The metencephalon of the hindbrain consists of which two sections?

Back 65

cerebellum dorsally
rostral part of medulla ventrally (pons in birds and mammals)

Front 66

The myelencephalon of the hindbrain contains which structure?

Back 66

medulla oblongata

Front 67

(T/F) Lateral ventricles are located in the midbrain.

Back 67

False; they are located in the forebrain.

Front 68

What are the general functions of the 1) pre- and 2) post-sensory gyrus

Back 68

1) motor
2) sensory

Front 69

Name the 12 cranial nerves, in order.

Back 69

I - olfactory
II - optic
III - occulomotor
IV - trochlear
V - trigeminal
VI - abducens
VII - facial
VIII - auditory (vestibulocochlear)
IX - glossopharyngeal
X - vagus
XI - spinal accessory
XII - hypoglossal

Front 70

The diencephalon's epithalamus, hypothalamus, ventral thalamus and dorsal thalamus, control which functions?

Back 70

olfactory, sensory, biorythms, and homeostatic behavioral functions

Front 71

The tectum of the midbrain collecs _____ info through the superior colliculi and ______ through the inferior colliculi.

Back 71

visual, auditory

Front 72

The medulla oblongata has many ______ functions and is a routing station for major nerve pathways.

Back 72

reflex

Front 73

(T/F) The cerebellum both initiates and coordinates motor functions.

Back 73

False, it ONLY coordinates.

Front 74

This is the most primitive sense, a ______ sensory type.

Back 74

olfaction, chemical

Front 75

Olfactory nerve cells have only one axon and dendrite, termed:

Back 75

bipolar

Front 76

________ is the technical term for taste.

Back 76

gustation

Front 77

Name the 4 basic human tastes.

Back 77

bitter
salty
sour
sweet

Front 78

(T/F) Some vertebrates have chemical sensors over their entire body.

Back 78

True

Front 79

Which cranial nerves are associated with vision?

Back 79

II, III, IV, VI

Front 80

The pigmented vascular _____ ____ nourishes the eye tissues.

Back 80

choroid

Front 81

This is the tough outer covering of the eye.

Back 81

sclera

Front 82

This type of eye is a photoreceptor but forms no image.

Back 82

median (parietal) eye

Front 83

The eyes begin as outpocketings of this structure.

Back 83

diencephalon

Front 84

The lens of the eye develops from which embryonic layer?

Back 84

ectoderm

Front 85

This area on the retina is also known as the blind spot.

Back 85

optic disc

Front 86

This retial region is a pit with high concentrations of receptor cells.

Back 86

fovea

Front 87

Name three pupil types.

Back 87

1) circular
2) slit
3) horizontal (bar-shaped)

Front 88

Aqueous humor from the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye is drained by the _______.

Back 88

canal of Schlemm

Front 89

This layer, located in the choroid, is reflective to allow more light to reach photoreceptive cells. It is responsible for the night glow of many animal's eyes.

Back 89

tipium lucidum

Front 90

Change in lens shape to focus is called:

Back 90

accomodation

Front 91

The basic cell of mechanoreception is the ______ organ. It also participates in electro-, thermo-, and chemo-reception

Back 91

neuromast

Front 92

Lateral line systems and cephalic canals contain what kind of cells?

Back 92

neuromast

Front 93

The three main parts of a neuromast organ are:

Back 93

1) hair cells
2) sensory cells
3) supporting cells

Front 94

In a neuromast cell, the threadlike ______ sticks up into the gel _______. At the base are _______.

Back 94

kinocelium, cupula, stereocilia

Front 95

The ________ is the structure responsible for translating soundwaves to neuron impulses in mammals.

Back 95

organ of Corti

Front 96

In the semicircular canals, fluid _______ flows over the neuromast cells to stimulate them.

Back 96

endolymph

Front 97

In some fish, _____ are crystals that lie on top of neuromast cells and move with body motion.

Back 97

otoconia

Front 98

In teleosts, the ______ _______ transfers and amplifies vibrations from the ear region to the swim bladder through fused vertebrae.

Back 98

Weberian apparatus

Front 99

The minor differnces in the external auditory canal of owls give them what?

Back 99

stereoscopic hearing

Front 100

A shark's electroreceptor network consists of many _________, innervated by CN __ and distributed by CN __.

Back 100

Ampullae of Lorenzini, VIII, VII

Front 101

The pit organs in vipers (boid snakes) function as ________.

Back 101

thermoreceptors