Anatomy - Nervous System

Front 1

What are the three basic functions of the nervous system?

Back 1

Sensory
Integration
Motor

Front 2

Sensory impulse direction is called?

Back 2

Afferent

Front 3

Motor impulse direction is called?

Back 3

Efferent

Front 4

What does CNS stand for?

Back 4

Central Nervous System

Front 5

What is the central nervous system (CNS)?

Back 5

Brain and Spinal Cord

Front 6

What does PNS stand for?

Back 6

Peripheral Nervous System

Front 7

What is the Peripheral Nervous System? (PNS)

Back 7

All the other nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.

Front 8

What are the twelve PNS nerves emerging from the brain called?

Back 8

Cranial Nerves

Front 9

What are the PNS (Peripheral Nervous System) nerves emerging from the spinal cord?

Back 9

Spinal Nerves

Front 10

What part of the nervous system detects things and tells the brain?

Back 10

Sensory System

Front 11

What system is used when the brain is telling the body to do something?

Back 11

Motor System

Front 12

What conducts impulses from receptors toward the CNS?

Back 12

Afferent Nerves / Sensory

Front 13

What conducts impulses from the CNS to the body?

Back 13

Efferent Nerves / Motor

Front 14

What is the difference between somatic nerves and autonomic nerves?

Back 14

Somatic refers to concious registration and concious movement.

Autonomic are unconscious functions.

Front 15

What are the basic functional units of the nervous system?

Back 15

Neurons

Front 16

Neurons have a high ____ requirement?

Back 16

oxygen!

Front 17

Neurons lose the ability to ____ after birth?

Back 17

Reproduce

Front 18

What part of the neuron receives impulses from other neurons and conveys it to the cell body?

Back 18

Dendrites

Front 19

What part of the neuron is the site of the cellular organelles and nucleus?

Back 19

Cell Body / Soma / Perikaryon

Front 20

What part of the neuron conducts the nerve impulse to another neuron or another type of cell?

Back 20

Axon

Front 21

What part of the neuron is the space between axon of the neuron and the dendrites to the next?

Back 21

Synapse / Synaptic Cleft

Front 22

Nervous tissue with myelinated axons is called?

Back 22

White Matter!

Front 23

Nervous tissue without myelinated axons is called?

Back 23

Gray Matter

Front 24

What are the gaps between glial cells and the myelin called?

Back 24

Nodes of Ranvier

Front 25

What does the combination of myelin and Nodes of Ranvier do?

Back 25

Increase speed of nerve impulse conduction.

Front 26

What are neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord?

Back 26

Oligodendrocytes

Front 27

What are neuroglial cells outside the brain and spinal cord?

Back 27

Schwann Cells

Front 28

What is the term for the most numerous cells, forming the blood brain barrier?

Back 28

Astrocytes

Front 29

What is the term for the phagocytic cells?

Back 29

Microglia

Front 30

What maintain a polarized "resting state" in a neuron?

Back 30

Sodium / Potassiun Pump

Front 31

What is actively pumped out of a neuron?

Back 31

Sodium (Na)

Front 32

What is actively pumped in to a neuron?

Back 32

Potassium (K)

Front 33

The act of the Sodium / Potassium pump creates a negative charge relative to the outside and is called?

Back 33

The Resting Membrane Potential

Front 34

An impulse from an adjacent neuron or an external stimulus triggers the opening of the sodium channels which leads to?

Back 34

Depolarization!

The charge is eliminated and it creates an action potential!

Front 35

After depolarization occurs a second latter repolarization occurs! How does repolarization work?

Back 35

Sodium channels close.
Potassium channels open.

Potassium flows out, by diffusion and electrostatic gradient! Cell is charged and returns to a negative state!

Front 36

There is something very important to remember about the action potential! Though ions and voltage change it is?

Back 36

It isn't an electrical action it is a mechanical one! It is the mechanical movements of these pumps opening and closing that slows things down!

Front 37

If another stimulus arrives before the neuron has completed its depolarization - repolarization cycle, it wil be unable to respond and the term is called?

Back 37

Refractory Period!

Front 38

Depolarization can only occur at what areas?

Back 38

Nodes of Ranvier
Demyelinated areas!

Front 39

What does local anesthetics do?

Back 39

The drug plugs up the Na channels, preventing depolarization in response to a sensory stimulus.

Front 40

What is the perpetuation of nerve impulses to the next neuron or cell called?

Back 40

Synaptic transmission

Front 41

What is the junction between two neurons or a neuron and a target cell called?

Back 41

Synapse

Front 42

What is the physical gap between these two cells called?

Back 42

Synaptic cleft

Front 43

What is the neuron called bringing the depolarizaton wave to the synapse and releasing the chemical to stimulate the next cell?

Back 43

Pre - Synaptic neuron!

Front 44

What is the chemical released by the presynaptic neuron?

Back 44

Neurotransmitter

Front 45

What is the neuron called that receives the neurotransmitter?

Back 45

Post - Synaptic neuron!

Front 46

What can Neurotransmitters do?

Back 46

They can be excitatory or inhibitory. And the same neurotransmitter can excite or inhibit certain neurons.

Front 47

What are some Neurotransmitters?

Back 47

Acetylcholine

Catecholamines
- Norepinephrine
- Dopamine
- Epinephrine

Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Glycine

Front 48

This neurotransmitter in Organophosphate toxicity causes clinical signs of the inability to turn off the SLUD syndrom!

Back 48

Acetylcholine

Front 49

These neurotransmitters can cause fight or flight mechanisms of the nervous system. And one is found in the brain and controls autonomic functions of muscle control!

Back 49

Catecholamines

Norepi and Epi
Dopamine

Front 50

These neurotransmitters are inhibitory!

Back 50

GABA and Glycine

Front 51

What are the four different sections of the brain?

Back 51

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Brain Stem

Front 52

This section of the brain is composed of two hemispheres!

Back 52

Cerebrum

Front 53

What does the Cerebrum do?

Back 53

Controls Higher Order Behaviors

Front 54

What part of the brain has a wrinkled appearance?

Back 54

Cerebrum

Front 55

What part of the brain controls coordinated movement, balance, posture and complex reflexes?

Back 55

Cerebellum

Front 56

What part of the brain acts as a passageway between the primitive brainstem and the cerebrum?

Back 56

The Diencephalon

Front 57

This part of the brain connects the brain and spinal column!

Back 57

Brain Stem

Front 58

This part of the brain controls autonomic functions related to heart, respiration, blood vessel diameter, swallowing, sneezing and vomiting.

Back 58

Brain Stem

Front 59

What is the set of connective tissues that surround the brain and spinal cord called?

Back 59

Meninges

Front 60

What is the clear and slippery fluid which bathes and protects the brain and spinal cord called?

Back 60

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Front 61

What is the functional barrier separating brain capillaries from nervous tissue?

Back 61

Blood - Brain Barrier

Front 62

The blood - brain barrier prevents something very important to remember!

Back 62

Prevents drugs, proteins, ions and other molecules from coming in contact with neurons.

Front 63

What is the fight or flight system called?

Back 63

Sympathetic System

Front 64

What is the rest and restore system called?

Back 64

Parasympathetic System

Front 65

What is the rapid automatic response system designed to protect the body and maintain homeostasis called?

Back 65

Reflexes and the Reflex Arc

Front 66

What is the flexor reflex called? It's when you touch a hot stove and have an instant response.

Back 66

Withdrawl Reflex

Front 67

What is a pupillary light reflex check?

Back 67

Both pupils should constrict if one is hit with light.