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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Liberty Bonds
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Liberty Bonds: This was a drive by the government to raise money for the war effort. The government would sell bonds to the American public. Another way the government made money was through taxes, but a lot of the money needed was produced through the selling of bonds
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Espionage Act of 1917
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Espionage Act: An act passed in 1917 that gave the government tools to deal with the citizens who were said to be against the war effort. It allowed for harsh punishment for crimes such as spying, sabotage, or obstruction of the war effort, it allowed the Post Office to ban seditious material from mail.
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Sedition Act of 1918
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Sedition Act: Expanded on the Espionage Act, making it illegal to express opposition to the war. It allowed the government to persecute anyone who was against the president or government. These acts mostly targeted the socialist and communist groups in America who were against the war.
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Treaty of Versailles
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Wilson’s 14 points, calling for democracy throughout the world, the right to self determination, freedom of seas, open treaties, reduction in armaments, free trade, and league of nations. The other allied powers were not happy with his 14 points because they did not want to give up their colonial powers, and they thought Wilson was being to easy on Germany. Pretty much all of Wilson’s 14 points were shut down. Wilson also was against reparations, but the treaty demanded heavy compensation from the Central Powers. Wilson was really only successful in the creation of the League though Congress rejected US participation. Wilson believed that all the disappointments from the treaty would be corrected in the League.
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Senator Henry Cabot Lodge
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Senator and chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee. He hated Wilson. Worked very hard to make sure the treaty would not pass in the Senate. Even though the majority of Americans were in favor of opposition Lodge did many things change this sentiment. He read out the entire treaty and then held public hearings to listen to the complaints of the several minorities who were against the treaty. The treaty was not passed.
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Reservationists
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Led by Senator Lodge, Reservationists were against the creation of the League of Nations and the treaty of Versailles if it did not benefit the United States. Reservationists were not against the principle of the a League rather the specifics laid out by Wilson.
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Return to normalcy
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The promise that Harding made while running for president. Return to the sense of ‘normalcy’ after WWI.
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William Harding
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Was an undistinguished Governor before president. The republicans choose his because they thought they could manipulate him. Harding knew that he was not fit for the job. Took a very passive approach to the presidency. Proponent of big business and enacted policies in their favor.
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Calvin Coolridge
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Calvin Coolidge: Broke up labor strikes as Governor as Mass. Was also very passive in his approach to the presidency. During these presidencies (Coolidge and Harding) Congress was working to help business by lowering taxes.
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Teapot Dome Scandal
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A lot of Harding’s cabinet were involved in scandals during the presidency. Albert B. Fall, the attorney general, convinced Harding to transfer control of the oil reserves at Teapot Dome from the Navy Department to the Interior Department. Fall then leased these reserves to two businessmen, and received in return half a million dollars in loans to ease his financial troubles. Known as one of the most sensational scandals before Watergate and furthered the destruction of the public reputation of the Harding Administration, already unpopular for the handling of the Great Railroad Strike of 1922 and veto of the Bonus Bill (which would have given WWI veterans their promised bonuses) in 1922.
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18th Amendment
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Constitutional amendment of Prohibition enforced by the Volsted act
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Flappers
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Flappers: modern woman liberated from social constraints. Was able to “smoke, drink, dance, wear seductive clothes and makeup, and attend lively parties. They could strive for physical and emotional fulfillment, for release from repression and inhibition”. This attitude was expressed in the Flapper’s dress, hairstyle, speech and behavior
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Sacco and Vanzetti
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Demonstration of continued discrimination against minorities in the United States. Convicted of Robbery and murder in Massachusetts. The evidence did not entirely support the conviction of the two Italian anarchists however the pair where sentenced to death by electric chair. After multiple appeals the pair were executed in 1927.
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19th Amendment
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Secured women's right to vote
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Harlem Renaissance
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Harlem Renaissance: Beautiful sprouting of African-American culture in Harlem, literature, music and the arts all flourished. “Brought African American and African culture to life and into the homes of many white New York socialites.” (Fun fact- During this period, the book Their Eyes Were Watching God was written)
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Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
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Banned Chinese immigration into the US for ten years. Passed again in 1892 and made permanent in 1902. Chinese already in the country were barred from becoming naturalized citizens. Response to Chinese influx in the job market and rising nationalism.
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Dawes Severalty Act
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Attempt to assimilate Indian tribes by gradually elimination of tribal ownership of tracts of land to individuals. Adults could own land after 25 years of ownership.
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Ghost Dance
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A dance done by the Sioux Indians in response to bad food rationing. Greatly frightened the settlers leading to the battle of Wounded Knee
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Wounded Knee
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One of the last major battles between Native Americans and Americans. Southern cavalry attacked and killed 400 Sioux as a result of Ghost Dance fears.
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Transcontinental Railroad
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Railroad that spanned the width of the country. Labor was 90% Chinese because they could be paid with low wages as they were not allowed to form unions.
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Exodusters
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African Americans who moved to the midwest to escape the racism in the south. (Jim Crow laws, Black Codes, KKK). Black equivalent of a sodbuster.
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Fredrick Jackson Turner
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Author of "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" or the "Frontier Thesis". According to Turner the American Frontier was now closed as Americans had explored the entire continent. This was a bad thing as the frontier allowed immigrants to assimilate and learn the value of democracy. Turner also stressed individualism and his thesis lead to the emergence of preservationists who lobbied for reservations such as Yellowstone.
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Chief Joseph
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Led the Nez Perce a group of Native Americans who killed 4 white soldiers and fled. The Nez Perce was chased by the American Army and was successive in their evasion until they were required to surrender near the Canadian border.
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Sitting Bull
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Leader of the Sioux Indian warriors after they left their reservation in 1875. Was able to defeat General Custer but was killed in "Custer's Last Stand"
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Andrew Carnegie
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Practiced vertical monopolization- owned every aspect of his steel production. Industrial statesman and steel giant.
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Gospel of Wealth
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Written by Carnegie explaining the duty of the wealthy to enact social change- wealthy must by philanthropic.
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John D. Rockerfeller
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Oil giant of the Robber-barons.
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Jay Gould
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Railroad owner/Robber-baron. Connected to the Gold-Ring scandal of 1892 in which he planned to buy up a lot of gold increasing its market price. Initially Grant agreed not to interfere but later flooded the markets with gold after changing his mind.
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J.P. Morgan
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Banker/Robber-baron. Propped up American institutions (bailed out the government) in the Panic of 1907 in exchange for T. Roosevelt not to break up his trusts.
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Standard Oil Trust
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Rockefeller. 1880s. First trust- attempted vertical and horizontal elimination of competition. Conspired to create more monopolies or pseudo-monopolies.
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Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)
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Anti-trust legislation pushed by the public to break up trusts. Many believed it would by symbolic but ineffective until T. Roosevelt was able to break up a J.P. Morgan trust in 1902. Would later be replaced by the much more powerful CLAYTON ACT.
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Laissez-Faire capitalism
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Capitalism with little governmental control or regulation
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Social Darwinism
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Darwin's theory of evolution applied to economic and social aspects of society. Rationalized the success of Robber-barons and advocated laissez-faire capitalism.
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Robber-Baron is the negative term for a
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Industrial Statesman
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Interstate Commerce Act
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Success of the Grange. Lead to the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission which oversaw law enterprises such as railroads.
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Farmer's Alliance
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Precursor to the populist party. Served the interest of farmers by creating cooperatives to raise commodity prices and sought to end the crop-lien system. Served the social and educational advancement of farming families.
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Knights of Labor
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-Arbitration rather than strikes -Skilled and Unskilled -Unorganized -Integrated -Graduated Income tax
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Haymarket Bombing
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Furthers perception that unionists are anarchists. During the Haymarket Riot of 1886 in which unionists showed up to show solidarity for the Haymarket workers, a bomb was thrown killing seven.
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Sam Gompers
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Leader of the AFL (American Federation of Laborers) a craft union. Organized unions to bargain cooperatively for labor advancements.
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Great Railroad Strike of 1877
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Railroad workers get switch-men to strike leading to gridlock. Gov't steps in under Interstate regulation and Hayes calls in federal troops to break up the strike.
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Homestead Strike of 1892
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Homestead Plant of Carnegie- Carnegie leaves Amalgamation Iron and Steel Workers Union out of negotiations and cuts wages by 10%. Unioners create a militia effectively barricading the plant until C. hires the Pinkerton Detective Agency to stop the stike. Unioners are able to defeat the Pinkerton Detective agency and so the Gov. of Mass calls in a militia. Unioners realize they can't defeat the militia and hold a parade in their honor.
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Pullman Strike of 1893-4
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Pullman worker's wages cut by 25%. Sympathy emerges and Debs (leader of Railroad Union) calls for strike. Switch-men refuse to switch Pullman cars only. President Cleveland issues and injunction which is ignored and arrests Debs though he emerges as national leader.
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bimetallism
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In 1873 the federal government goes onto the Gold Standard. Populists and farmers advocate for the return to bimetallism which would increase monetary circulation and increase revenue.
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Cross of Gold
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Speech by William Jennings Bryan advocating for bimetallism.
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Election of 1896
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William Jennings Bryan makes the first presidential campaign in history. McKinley campaigns from his front porch and wins the election. The populists fade into the Democratic party.
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William McKinley
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Wins the election of 1896. Pro-tariff and business.
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Coxey Army
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Marches from Ohio to Washington DC in 1896 to protest economic injustices. Arrested for walking on the grass.
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The Wobblies
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IWW- Industrial Workers of the World. Semi-communist workers who wanted to abolish the wage system. Led by Eugene Debs.
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Spanish American War
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Began because of rumors of atrocities committed in Cuba and intercepted letter criticizing President McKinley (and thusly favor for imperialism). Ended in a decisive victory for the United States in which U.S. gains control of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippians. Cuba is granted independence.
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Yellow Journalism
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Sensationalist journalism that publicized the events in Cuba before the Spanish American War. Helped bring about the war.
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Philippians
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Gained the bloody colony during the Spanish American war and colonized/Christianized/made the colony economically dependent
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Panama Canal
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US bought the Canal from a French Company going bankrupt. The Colombians did not want to give over the canal so the US incited the Panamanian revolution until Colombia signed a treaty recognizing US ownership of the canal.
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Roosevelt Corollary
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to the Monroe Doctrine. In addition to prohibiting European interference in Latin America, the US will act as a police force.
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Dollar Diplomacy
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Economic principle introduced under Taft that expanded US influence in the Western Hemisphere by loaning out money under the pretense of protection from European powers while also expanding American influence in foreign markets.
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Big Stick Policy
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Teddy Roosevelt- The US will arm itself but not use force. Example- Great White Fleet in 1907
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Moral Diplomacy
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Woodrow Wilson- Support democratic Latin American countries and punish non-democratic states through economic means.
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Booker T. Washington
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Black Civil Rights activist who raised a lot of money and support by being moderate. Elementary education for all blacks and black involvement in the economy believing civil rights would come after economic dependence.
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Settlement Housing
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Attempted to support immigrants by providing housing and support
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Jane Addams
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Focused on female immigration and created the Hull House in Chicago
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Jacob Riis
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Published the photo-journal of "How the Other Half Lives" showing the poor urban living conditions of immigrants. Beginning of mud-racking.
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Social Gospel Movement
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Expanded concerns of the Church beyond religion to social improvement especially for immigrants.
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W.E.B. DuBois
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Believer in the 10% education and advocacy for immediate civil rights. Founder of NAACP and believe propaganda of Booker T. further black subservience.
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Theodore Roosevelt
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Square Deal- pretty progressiveness.
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Upton Sinclaire, The Jungle
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Example of Mudracking- followed an immigrant worker and exposed the unsanitary conditions of the meat packing industry.
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Mudrackers
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"Dug up dirt" and attempted to enact social change through journalism. Term coined by Teddy Roosevelt.
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Mudrackers
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"Dug up dirt" and attempted to enact social change through journalism. Term coined by Teddy Roosevelt.
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Mudrackers
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"Dug up dirt" and attempted to enact social change through journalism. Term coined by Teddy Roosevelt.
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Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens
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Mudrackers who exposed the corruption of
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Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens
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Mudrackers who exposed the corruption of
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Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens
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Mudrackers who exposed the corruption of
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Mudrackers
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"Dug up dirt" and attempted to enact social change through journalism. Term coined by Teddy Roosevelt.
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Mudrackers
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"Dug up dirt" and attempted to enact social change through journalism. Term coined by Teddy Roosevelt.
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John Muir
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Preservationist- believed that nature should be preserved and not utilized. Founder of the Sierra Club and known as 'father of the national park'
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John Muir
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Preservationist- believed that nature should be preserved and not utilized. Founder of the Sierra Club and known as 'father of the national park'
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John Muir
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Preservationist- believed that nature should be preserved and not utilized. Founder of the Sierra Club and known as 'father of the national park'
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Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens
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Mudrackers who exposed the corruption of
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Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens
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Mudrackers who exposed the corruption of
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George Pinchot
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Progressiveness= preservation and utilization of natural resources. Conservationist.
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George Pinchot
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Progressiveness= preservation and utilization of natural resources. Conservationist.
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John Muir
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Preservationist- believed that nature should be preserved and not utilized. Founder of the Sierra Club and known as 'father of the national park'
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George Pinchot
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Progressiveness= preservation and utilization of natural resources. Conservationist.
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John Muir
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Preservationist- believed that nature should be preserved and not utilized. Founder of the Sierra Club and known as 'father of the national park'
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George Pinchot
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Progressiveness= preservation and utilization of natural resources. Conservationist.
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George Pinchot
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Progressiveness= preservation and utilization of natural resources. Conservationist.
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